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Url: http://josc.selcuk.edu.tr/article/view/1075000405 ; Devlet-sivil toplum-demokrasi üçgeninin ağırlık merkezinde yer alan basının Batı'lı ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de yurttaşlık haklarının gelişmesinde doğrudan katkısı olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de yurttaşlık haklarının olgunlaşmasının, özellikle yazılı basındaki gelişmelere koşut bir paralellik gösterdiğinin irdelenmesidir. Betimleyici bir yaklaşımın sergilendiği çalışmanın başlangıç noktasını, Osmanlı'nın son dönemindeki Batılılaşma hareketleri ve basının üstlendiği misyon oluşturmuştur. Bu dönemde, yüzü Batı'ya dönük gazetecilerin yenileşme ve hak arayışları ön plana çıkarken; karşılaştıkları önemli engellemeler, sağlanan kazanımların sınırlılığına neden olmuştur. Bağımsızlık savaşı sonrasında kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti döneminde ise, Batı'lı anlamda bir toplum projesi oluşturulmuştur. Bir yandan temel hak ve özgürlükler anayasal güvence altına alınırken; diğer yandan modern bir yurttaş profili gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, dönemin gerek iç gerekse dış politikasındaki konjonktürel gelişmeler demokrasi fikrinin yaşama geçirilmesinde gecikmelere yol açmıştır. Özellikle bu dönemde, basından beklenilen işlev, kurulan yeni düzeni ve devrimleri desteklemesi ve bu konuda halkı bilinçlendirmesi olmuştur. Kuşkusuz bu dönemde, Cumhuriyet idealine muhalif olan basın üzerinde önemli kısıtlamalara gidilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çok partili siyasal hayata geçiş öncesindeki dönemin ele alındığı bu çalışmada, basının kimi zaman karşılaştığı sınırlamalara rağmen, yurttaşlık haklarının gelişiminde önemli ancak yeterli olmayan bir rol oynadığı vurgulanmıştır. ; Press is to be taken part in the gravity's center of the triangle of state-civil society- democracy that has been contributed directly to the development of citizenship rights in Turkey like western countries. The aim of this study, it is mentioned that the development of citizenship rights shows a conditioned parallellism towards the development of the written press. In the last period of the Ottoman's westernization movements and mission of the press have constituted the begin-ning point of this study that has been exhibited a descriptive approach. At this term, when jour-nalists whose faces became towards West, surpassed their modernization and right seeking, the limitations of the acquired rights were caused by the importance prohibitions. After Independence War and the Republician of Turkey was established, a social project was formed in Western context. Fundemental right and freedoms were taken by constitutional guaranty. And also, the profile of modern compatriot was constituted. However, the concept of democracy was constituted to be delayed by the conjuncturel developments about both internal and external pol-itics. Especially at this period, it was expected that the function of the press supported the estab-lishing, new deal and revolutions and also, educated to public about this subject. Definitely at this term, importance prohibitions on the press which was related to opposition of the ideal of republician, were constituted by the government. As a result of this study which was related to the term about before the plural political life, although the press was confronted with limitations from time to time, it played a significant role about the development of citizenship rights. But, this role did not become efficent for citizenship rights and democracy.

Civil society generally defines a sphere where groups of people can act without being forced by any source of power. The citizen is one of the most important dynamics of the civil society in that they form a source of power against the state by demanding their rights in the public realm. Citizenship, which is the verbalism of political belonging to the state, is not limited to a legal status in which the individual has a series of specific rights and duties. It is also an expression of the individual's articulation to society and the relationship that they build in the political-social sphere. The media, which should be a democratic institution by essence, is closely related to the civil society. In this day and age most of the political struggle takes place on media. Therefore, the political power always uses the media as an ideological tool. Referendums, on the other hand, are an important constituent in pluralistic democracy. Referendums reflect the political preferences of social groups equally, although in a relative sense. Thus, all different groups can influence the government mechanisms in line with their demands and needs. The role that the media undertakes during the time of referendum, a democratic right for all citizens, is very significant because it is via the media that the information related to the laws or amendments which are put to vote. That is why the analysis and interpretation of media texts that undertake a crucial role in times of referendum is very important. In this context, making a comparative analysis of the selected Turkish media (Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Tercüman/Bugün) coverage of 1982 constitutional referendum rallies and 2012 constitutional amendment package referendum rallies, and interpreting them within the framework of civil society discussions makes up the problem of this study. Determining the attitude of Turkish press and whether they had a political bias in 1982 constitutional referendum rallies and 2012 constitutional amendment package referendum rallies forms the purpose of the study. In the study content analysis method has been used. Quantitative distribution and rates of the newspapers' front-page news content and photographs relating with 1982 constitutional referendum and 2012 constitutional amendment package referendum rallies have been determined and compared/contrasted. Besides, the data gathered from the aforementioned newspapers' attitude towards the referendum rallies and thematic analyses of discourses in news texts have been compared/contrasted. One month before 7th October 1982 constitutional referendum and 12th September 2010 constitutional amendment package referendum marks the time limit of the study. Another limitation is regarding the newspapers chosen to represent the Turkish press. Based on their ideological attitudes; Cumhuriyet is chosen to represent national left (Kemalist, statist, secular), Hürriyet to represent liberal and Tercüman/Bugün to represent nationalistic conservative ideology. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p780

For capitalism, the working masses' free time has always been lucrative to gain profit and to reproduce consent. That is why magazine media texts are significant to orientate personal choices in the direction of system processes. Through the magazines, the system has an opportunity to permeate and colonize personal spaces during free time. This is a linguistic process to construct categories in human mind and so since the beginning of industrialization the system's purposive actions of instrumentalist rationality are often offered as a part of human nature. In the current era, the process can have non-capitalist roots including all forms of modernism. In the post-Fordist era, the process takes some new forms spreading over the central capitalist societies as well as over the transition societies with new styles. Among different aspects of globalization, media as a communication sub-system emphasizes personalization and offers identities based on the freedom of consumption, while producing the culture of modern society to keep it as a whole. The present study offers a theoretical linguistic approach to the analysis of ideological reproduction in modern industrial societies considering deeper cognitive dimensions. For any subsequent analysis we offer to apply Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative action which can establish a linguistic and socio-psychological background. Then, categories can be offered to analyze media contents within formal pragmatics. In addition, the contribution of critical political economy and neo-Gramscian theories about the double-sided function of culture has allowed defining the character of monopolies and their practices in societies. In this respect, we consider the mediated communication processes through media which operates bipartitely in cognitive space, either for the emancipation or for the production of consent as oppression and cultural-political illiteracy. The developed approach is based on the studies and recent observations about magazine content uniformities/divergences, which are adapted by media monopolies in different countries. Within the context of globalization, the USA is taken as the center. Additionally, two emerging economies (Russia and Turkey) have been considered due to their unique performances, separating them from the rest of the periphery.