Suchergebnisse

A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como as competências e habilidades da Matriz de Referência das Ciências da Natureza e suas Tecnologias (MRCNT) do Exame Nacional para Certificação de Competências de Jovens e Adultos (ENCCEJA) mobilizam os conhecimentos dos jovens e adultos que não tiveram acesso à escolaridade na idade própria. Entendemos que a MRCNT delimita quais conteúdos, habilidades e conhecimentos são importantes para o ENNCEJA e para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). Sendo uma política pública, destacamos quais são os objetivos do ENCCEJA e como se caracterizam os seus sujeitos. Como referencial teórico, destacamos as perspectivas do currículo pré-ativo e do vivido acompanhadas de discussões sobre o conhecimento a partir das noções do conhecimento em si e do conhecimento para fazer algo. O referencial metodológico para abordarmos a MRCNT foi a análise de conteúdos de Laurence Bardin. Concluímos que os conhecimentos destacados nas habilidades e competências presentes na MRCNT são todos relacionados a conhecimentos disciplinares e sobre a natureza das ciências, abrindo-se pouco espaços para os conhecimentos e culturas locais. Na medida em que os conhecimentos presentes na Matriz são pretensamente objetivos e universais, eles se adequam aos sistemas de avalições em larga escala que favorecem a cristalização dos conhecimentos, a generalização das formas de preparo dos estudantes e a arrecadação de dados de performance.

This essay proposes to problematize the practice of friendship by Michel Foucault as a piece of resistance to the neoliberal way of life. To this end, the text is organized from the discussions produced by Foucault on friendship as a way of life and a political exercise of resistance to a governmental power, and the discussions on neoliberalism in Birth of Biopolitics. It therefore seeks, with the help of commentators on Foucault's work, first to present neoliberalism and its main pleasure: the competition. It then discusses the notion of friendship for Foucault within the framework of the care of the self and epicureanism in order to discuss friendship as a political practice and, as such, an exercise of resistance to neoliberalism, since it is an ontological practice about ourselves, in opposition to the entrepreneurialism of the self and competition, with the final considerations emphasizing the inventions and art of existence that friendship provides. ; Este artículo propone problematizar la práctica de la amistad en Michel Foucault como una pieza de resistencia al estilo de vida neoliberal. El texto se organiza a partir de las discusiones desarrolladas por Foucault en torno a la amistad como forma de vida y ejercicio político de resistencia frente al poder gubernamental, teniendo en cuenta las reflexiones sobre el neoliberalismo en el Nacimiento de la biopolítica. Se busca, entonces, en primer lugar, con ayuda de los comentaristas de la obra de Foucault, presentar el neoliberalismo y su principal placer: la competitividad. A continuación, abordamos la noción de amistad en Foucault en el marco del cuidado de sí y el epicureísmo, para luego discutir la amistad como práctica política y ejercicio de resistencia al neoliberalismo, como práctica ontológica sobre nosotros mismos, en oposición al emprendimiento de sí y a la competitividad del que adviene. Nuestras consideraciones finales enfatizan las invenciones y el arte de la existencia que ofrece la amistad. ; Este ensaio propõe-se a problematizar a prática da amizade por Michel Foucault como peça de resistência ao modo de vida neoliberal. Para tanto, o texto organiza-se a partir das discussões produzidas por Foucault sobre a amizade como um modo de vida e um exercício político de resistência a um poder governamental, e as discussões sobre o neoliberalismo em Nascimento da biopolítica. Por conseguinte, busca, com o auxílio de comentadores da obra de Foucault, primeiramente, apresentar o neoliberalismo e seu prazer-mor: a concorrência. Na sequência, apresentar a noção de amizade para Foucault dentro do quadro do cuidado de si e do epicurismo, para na continuação, discorrer sobre a amizade como uma prática política e, como tal, um exercício de resistência ao neoliberalismo, como uma prática ontológica sobre nós mesmos, contrapondo-se ao empresariamento de si e a concorrência, e nossas considerações finais, acentuando as invenções e arte de existência que a amizade oportuniza.

RESUMO Este artigo discute a relação entre as trajetórias educacionais e ocupacionais e as expectativas de trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil. É parte de uma pesquisa que recuperou essas trajetórias com base em entrevistas realizadas com trabalhadores técnicos de quatro grupos ocupacionais. A análise das entrevistas permitiu constatar que a inserção na área da saúde é vivenciada como menos errática quando comparada às trajetórias anteriores destes trabalhadores, especialmente para aqueles que experimentaram incertezas advindas de inserções instáveis e precárias. Entre os grupos estudados, os da enfermagem, sobretudo, são os que vêm construindo suas expectativas profissionais na mesma área de atuação.

Proccedings are online at http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/EEDAL/EEDAL11_Proceedings/19/138_Almeida_Anibal_ConsumerElectronics&ICT2.pdf Presentation available at http://www.eedal.dk/Conference/~/media/EEDAL/Sessions/Session%205/SELINA-EEDAL2011_Copenhagen_Gigli.ashx ; International audience ; For more than a decade, it has been recognized that the energy consumption in low power modes for electrical and electronic products is an important issue because it represent permanent loads (sometimes up to 24 hours per day) of a huge number of products. With the 1 W standby initiative of the International Energy Agency (IEA), several low power mode measurement campaigns have been led on a regular basis in a number of countries outside and inside Europe Union (EU). Based on these results and on the Energy-using Products Study Lot 6, the EU has prepared new regulation to limit the standby and off-mode power consumption of non-networked household electronic and electrical equipment, which is being applied since January 2010. The IEE project SELINA carried out a large scale monitoring campaign in shops in order to characterize the low power modes of new appliances being sold in the EU market. In order to ensure consistency of the collected data, a common measurement methodology was developed and the same high resolution measurement equipment was used by all partners. This publication analyzes the results of more than 6000 different equipments measured in the 12 EU countries involved in the project. Standby and off-mode values by product categories are analyzed and compared with data from other regions of the World. The measurements are also benchmarked against the new 2010/2013 EU standby and off mode regulation thresholds and the impact of the EU regulation is discussed. In parallel with the measurement campaign, an awareness study of the retailers was carried out. This survey helps to understand the customers' buying motivations and the influence of retailers' advice in their choices. An overview of the collected policies and initiatives to improve the low power mode energy consumption are reviewed.

Selina project website at http://selina-project.eu PDF available online at http://selina-project.eu/files/SELINA_book.pdf ; International audience ; This document provides an overview of the most important results of the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) Project SELINA - Standby and Off-Mode Energy Losses In New Appliances Measured in Shops. Standby power is a general term commonly used to describe the low power modes in which many electrical and electronic products are, when not performing their main function. For more than a decade, it has been recognized that the energy consumption in low power modes for electrical and electronic products is an important issue because it represent permanent loads (sometimes up to 24 hours per day) of a huge number of products. With the 1 W standby initiative of the International Energy Agency (IEA), several low power mode measurement campaigns have been led on a regular basis in a number of countries outside and inside Europe Union (EU). Based on these results and on the Energy-using Products Study Lot 6, the EU has prepared new regulation to limit the standby and off-mode power consumption of non-networked household electronic and electrical equipment, which is being applied since January 2010. The IEE project SELINA carried out a large scale monitoring campaign in shops in order to characterise the low power modes of new appliances being sold in the EU market. In order to ensure consistency of the collected data, a common measurement methodology was developed and the same high resolution measurement equipment was used by all partners. This document analyzes the results of more than 6000 different equipments measured in the 12 EU countries involved in the project. Standby and off-mode values by product categories were analysed and compared with data from other regions of the World. The measurements were also benchmarked against the new 2010/2013 EU standby and off mode regulation thresholds and the impact of the EU regulation is discussed. It was found that 18.5% of the equipments, whose off-mode power was measured, do not respect the EU regulation threshold of 1 W. When the measurements are compared to the 2013 threshold of 0.5 W, this percentage raises up to 41.5%. Regarding standby mode input power, 31% of the measured products did not comply with EU regulation limit for the 2010 threshold. When the standby measured values are compared to the 2013 limit, the number of products over the EU regulation target increases to 66.4%. When comparing the 2009 and 2010 measurements, only a slight decrease of the share of appliances exceeding the EU regulation limits was observed. In parallel with the measurement campaign, an awareness study of the retailers was carried out. This survey helps to understand the customers' buying motivations and the influence of retailers' advice in their choices. The results of the survey show that, despite of retailer's consciousness about the energy consumption and energy labels of the products, other types of sales arguments like the appliance price or functionalities are more frequently used to sell a product. This could be due to lack of visible information in shops related to the equipment energy consumption. Furthermore, the results show that retailers try to adapt their advice to the customers' needs (price and product functionalities). The retailers admitted that publishing more information regarding the energy consumption of products and some kind of cost saving calculator/reference would make the clients to opt for more efficient equipments. Based on the survey results and on the analysis of different existing policies targeting electrical and electronic products in Europe, examples of policies to improve the low power modes situation of the EU market are reviewed. The survey on measures enhancing the market transformation towards more energy-efficient electrical appliances showed a wide range of actions and policy tools in the SELINA partner countries. In national workshops, which mainly took place in the late summer/early autumn 2010, these measures were presented and discussed with all relevant national stakeholders. In most countries, information campaigns (esp. brochures, leaflets, websites, and national labels) are the dominating measure type. In some countries, however, financial subsidies for very energy-efficient appliances, often paid by an energy utility and not by the government, play an important role, too (e.g. in the Czech Republic or Switzerland). In general, the impact of a financial programme is easier to quantify than the single impact of an information campaign, which often serves as an accompanying measure for regulations (labels, minimum efficiency standards) or fiscal and financial measures. International cooperation with key institutions outside the EU, involved in similar efforts, such as the IEA Implementing Agreement 4E (Efficient Electrical End-use Equipment) with an Annex on Standby, the Energy Star/EPA in USA, the Australia Standby Initiative and the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, were used to promote synergies in the definition of common approaches to characterize the market and to define realistic and cost-effective performance targets which can be achieved in a short time frame. Special care is required when promoting low standby consumption products (without consideration of other attributes) to ensure that there are no perverse effects such as the inadvertent promotion of products with low active mode efficiency and high energy consumption. It is desirable to follow a vertical approach to standby, where low power modes are combined with active modes to give total energy consumption. This approach is particularly preferable for products where the total energy consumption is significant. The definition of usage patterns under such a vertical approach is necessarily product specific and this could vary by region or country. The new technologies offer many opportunities for energy savings potential but there are also some threats which need to be recognized and understood. There is a strong need to ensure that energy saving paradigms and strategies become a core consideration in future product designs. It is recognized that equipments connected to networks are of growing importance. It is recommended that increased efforts to compile data and measurements, of networked products, from a variety of sources in order to obtain better information on networked product characteristics, needs to be made. An online database was created so that everyone can access the input power values, in the different equipment low power modes, of the more than 6000 equipments measured. A Standby Calculator Tool was also developed and can be accessed through the project website. It can be used to calculate the consumed energy, the annual cost and the equivalent CO2 emissions. In order to compare the results in an easy way, a diagram that shows the energy consumption of the different models is presented. Furthermore, the values for the most efficient device are also showed, in order to have an additional comparison. One of the main objectives of this project was to identify effective market transformation policies initiatives targeted at all the key stakeholders involved in the manufacture, distribution, sales, purchasing and operation of appliances with standby and off-mode losses. As a result of the future policy actions that may appear after the end of the project, considering loads in networked mode, it is expected to achieve very large cost-effective savings of electricity (80 TWh projected by 2020) and carbon emissions (30 MTons of CO2 by 2020).