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This review explores the clientelist structure in politics and its influence in Nepali media with two aims: first, to identify how the clientelist structure has been practiced and influenced media in Nepal; second, to identify how the media perform the functions of clientelist networks. This review uses desk research of post 1990 documents focusing on the practices of clientelist structure in personalized behavior of the leaders, volatile political culture, fragmented civic society, and mounting corruption index in Nepal. Clientelism was a widely practiced phenomenon and it weakened the ideological base of the political parties and became the causes of uncertainty in Nepali politics. The unstable politics decreased public trust and reputation of the politicians, and visibility became a major concern to the leaders while reaching out to the electorate. In this context, the media became a vital tool to communicate with the public for political goals. The power holders practice clientelism, appointing loyalties in the board of directors in the state-owned media, attempt to endorse press restricted bills, and distribute welfare advertisements and subsidies to the favorable media. The media owners practice clientelism, recruiting professionals with strong political ties, frequently changing editors and journalists to ensure balanced representation of different political connections. The journalists tend to establish political connections and cover news with limited ethical guidelines with reference to their allies and advocate the political strategies of their patronage. Besides political intervention, the shrinking economy in the limited media market, long history of political parallelism of the press and the strong presence of the role of the state might be the explanation for adopting clientelist networks in the media.

This manuscript contains, application letter, written by author, to open his company Mental Asylum of Education. Among Letters, two theories are submitted; Patrukaar's Theory of Taxation, and Jholey and Humaney University Model. Patrukaar Theory of Taxation is for Taxation and Revenues Purposes, and is submitted to Inland Revenue Department, where as Jholey and Hanumaney University Model is, an Political Manifesto, of Mental Asylum of Education, and is submitted to Election Comission. Examples of Purnapaath solutions to various Ains (Acts) have been discussed, and only Ains have been discussed, but not constitution of Nepal, though, completing former constitutions of Nepal, have been attempted, as per working procedures, discussed in application letters. Family Documents, and other documents like as witness fellows for registration too are provided. Another amazing topics would be Paariwarik Laagat Faaram (Family Archival Number), and as per Registration number, included in application letter by author, that would allow, even for individual registration number, for communications, services, and archival of record, between individual, family, and Government, as per authorities, by means of Laws. These application letters, were submitted,beginning from Lowest level tier of administration, from Ward Number 3 office of Gauradaha Municipality, as well as in other administrations. Documents relating to Truth and Reconciliation Comission of Nepal, aren't work of author, and are topics that are discussed by Government, for completion of Trial Procedures, and Justice, during the Maoist Insurgency Period in Nepal, which is offenly called as Civil-War. Similarly this Report serves as a report, for first month, of Industry registration in Department of Cottage and Small Industries, which, as per Provincial act, of Province Number 1, require monthly reports, and application letters was submitted to Department of Cottage, and Small Industries situated at Bhadrapur, Jhapa. Topics like as providing free landline telephones, ...

The purpose of this study is to examine the women participation in local development of Kaski district in Nepal. The nation provides equal opportunities to the women. Despite that, they are strong enough and empowered in local development? Nepalese women are struggling for equal opportunity in society. This paper is qualitative research. It is based on primary and secondary data based on descriptive and analytical paper. In the local election held in 2017, 152 women were elected to the local government in Kaski district. They are Dalit and non-Dalit both. Constitutionally thirty-three percent women are required to be the participants on each level of the government of Nepal. It is a legal provision for participation in local governments. Similarly, women are the participants in the federal, provincial and local governments of Nepal. The constitution has provided women participation on policy level as well as civil service, Nepal Police and Nepal Army and other sectors of the nation. Now, the federal democratic republic nation of Nepal has been practicing inclusive democracy. It is a great achievement for the Nepalese women. Now, 21th century as democratic country like Nepal needs meaningful women participation on a local level. The women need equal opportunity in the social, economic and political sector. Local level of Kaski district women participate with empower on politics as well as development activities as planning, budgeting, judicial leadership. These are the symbolic empowerment of women in local development.

The election of the local government was held in 2017 after 20 years and paved the way of practicing local governance. This paper aims to study governance practices in Machhapuchhre rural municipality and analyze its key performances. It is based on the sources of primary and secondary data. The municipality has formulated 15 acts, 4 regulations, 27 codes of conducts, 2 directives during these three years of democratic exercise at local level. This municipality also developed various infrastructures including provision of teaching in Magar language as mother tongue in a primary school. Despite these, the municipality is facing shortage of human and financial problems.

The main objective of this paper is to explore the significance of role of District Co-ordination Committee in Nepalese Federalism. The paper seeks to identify and critically analyze the role of district Co-ordination committee. This study makes a brief description and analysis of the role of District Co-ordination Committee in Nepal. It is a descriptive and analytical paper. The present Constitution of Nepal has added two new tiers in ruling structure of the country. They are province and local levels. Province government is completely new in Nepalese history. Local level has been in existence long before now as an administrative unit but this is a new practice as constitutionally recognized unit. In this new restructuring and distribution of power, duties and responsibilities, District Development Committee (DDC) in the previous system is removed, the administrative unit is removed, the role of District Administrative Office is also minimized to maintaining peace, security and acting as a representative of the federal government and in their places there is a new mechanism, created constitutionally - District Co-ordination Committee to undertake coordination between the rural municipalities and Municipalities within the district. DCC also monitors development and construction works to make a balance of such works. District Co-ordination Committee carries out coordination between the Federal and the State Government offices and rural municipalities and Municipalities in the district.

Civil society is non political sphere and individual made voluntary organization widely understood as the space outside the family, market and state. It is associated for welfare of state on the ground of civic knowledge, civic education and civic virtue. Civil society works and plays its role in the democratic regime. Democratic regime operates on the basis of democratic norms and values. Civil society plays roles in the democratic society relating to maintaining, promoting and strengthening good governance. It plays various roles like participating, mediating interest, mobilizing counter knowledge, influencing policy making, building commitment for public good, giving impetus to community building projects, motivating citizens, government towards co-operation, etc. It can play the communicative role, protective role, control role, socialization role, service delivery role and the global citizenship role in different cases. Major areas of good governance are democracy, rule of law, proprietary rights, corporate governance, human rights, welfare state and labor institution. And in these areas civil society can perform their respective roles. In the case of Nepal some roles have been managed under constitution and statutory law mainly in good governance operation and management act. But these provisions seem inadequate for showing their role visibly. Maintaining good governance through properly implementing fundamental rights, government has not made effective laws yet. Nepalese parliament has promulgated the act named good governance operation and management act 2008. Here some provisions relating to civil society's role in operating and managing process has been mentioned. In this article constitutional role as well as legal role has been taken in due consideration because civil society's constitutional and legal roles have not been duly recognised yet. Thus the study has given emphasis on description and analysis of content relating to civil society 's role managed under the constitution and statutory law act. To draw the conclusion in this study descriptive-analytical and content analysis methods has been used and information has been taken from secondary method. constitution of Nepal and good governance operation and management act 2008 have been taken as major contents for analysis of civil society's role in managing and operating good governance in Nepal.

With multidimensional aspects, Nepal India relation is historical, social, political and culturally embodied. Both countries adhere to a unique relationship of friendship and cooperation characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture. Pedestal on secondary data this article aims to discuss the major developments in Indo-Nepal relation after 12 points understanding. Nepalese and Indian governments, in order to review the past treaties and agreements between the two countries, made EPG of four members each from both countries. Similarly, Nepal and India exchanged high level visits between them. Nepal made a new constitution in 2015 and promulgated it. However, India was not satisfied with some of the content of it, so India imposed unilateral blockade. Later, Nepal India relation was normalized, and again, Nepal and India have a dispute on Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh border. The vital concern is what has happened to the relations built on historical ties? This paper looks at the relations India once had with Nepal, and where it stands today. There have been many ups and downs in Nepal India relation after 12 points understanding and even during the present border dispute. However, all problems and disputes can be solved through diplomatic dialogues at various levels. Bilateral relations can grow further with unfaltering commitment to the doctrines of peaceable coexistence, sovereign equality, and understanding of each other's aspirations and sensitivities.

Communism (Marxism) is a prominently powerful proposition. People may deposit delight or deepening disgust then denigrate it but it is inexorable and ineluctable to understand the gist of Marxism before aligning at either of the sides. Despite having cross-cutting arguments and series of theses and anti-theses in academic fraternity from centre to circumference, the paper synthesizes the gravity and assesses the validity of such a tantalisingly wheedling discourse. Marxism has cajoled and coaxed many across the globe. Nonetheless, it has neither been remained immune from full fiasco and grossly unsuccessful scenario in most country nor seemingly it is going to be an else example in Nepal. Eventually, it has even been an epitome of political decay and betrayal too. Marxism has now lost both the political compass and public credibility induced competence as well. Probably, the most corrupt and condemnable choreographing is being experienced in Nepal at present. Ergo, in essence, this paper presents an argument that Marxism has been a useless cosmetic which initially embodied a transitory glow but ultimately has turned an utterly unhelpful and non-pragmatic utopian envisioning in the globe; and the incontrovertibly heightened form of it is currently on stage in Nepal. Article visualizations:

Civil society is a non-political sphere and a voluntary organization made from individuals. It lies as an intermediary layer between individuals and families on the one hand and state institutions on the other hand. Civil society has been becoming a hot matter in the system. Its place is not same everywhere. Some developed countries have been provide democratic atmosphere to develop it and have been ignoring it. Constitution as fundamental law of the land is a major tool providing space for civil society. In the context of Nepal civil society organizations, persons, movements or other forms of civil societies have been politicizing and they are ignoring their own values and status, which may be harmful to the effective functioning of democracy. In another context of Nepal books and articles have been written, researches are also conducted but the relation and place of civil society to constitutional provisions has not been mentioned yet. So this study has been made to link civil society to constitution of Nepal. Finally it drew conclusion that Constitution of Nepal is implementing and it has addressed some place for civil society but unfortunately some limitations made on constitution and politization of civil society has made civil society a believeless variables in Nepal. To draw the conclusion in this study descriptive analytical and content analysis methods has been used and information has been taken from secondary method.

The teaching-learning process begins with the interaction between the teachers and the children. Without two-way interaction between student and teachers the process is incomplete. Using ethnographic research methods, this paper aims to analyze the role of teachers in a multicultural classroom. Attempt is made to do so by exploring and understanding the school culture and its impact on children's learning as well as the perception of the teachers in its processes. It is found that the teachers' cultural understandings and the children's cultural background is not adequately addressed in the teaching-learning process.

Master i universell utforming av IKT ; Universal design (UD) of information communication technology (ICT) is a basic principle that confirms the accessibility of ICT products and services to avoid discrimination and to support the equal ability participation in the society to enhance democracy. An image is a non-textual Web content which demands an equivalent image description to be accessible and usable for the users who have different abilities. Previous research suggests that the significant number of images exist on the Web which do not contain accessible and usable text descriptions. Literature also suggests that describing an image is a complex task for the Web workers and normal users. To the knowledge of this study, there is almost no research available in image accessibility which incorporates different types of images. This research's aim is to fulfill the existing gap of not having the proper solution to help Web users in writing usable image descriptions. This study investigated the effectiveness of providing sample cues in making image description comply with the set of guidelines suggested by National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM) through an online experiment. Three different types of images: graph, map, and general image are provided in three different steps with no cue, random cue, and similar cue respectively. Text descriptions, Likert-type ratings on the compliment to NCAM guidelines, and time data are collected from two separate groups—participants and the judgement group. The experimental result is analyzed using several statistical tests. The results from this research suggest that providing the similar sample cue is effective writing an accessible image description in case of all the three types of images. Similar sample cues make it easier to write a description which follows the NCAM guidelines. The random sample cues are better than not having any cue. However, there is no significant difference in time it takes to write image descriptions in the three cases. ; publishedVersion

Despite reiterated commitment from government and other stakeholders everywhere in the world, curbing corruption has been a seriously ticklish and almost next to an impossible effort, especially in south Asia. The failure to remarkably detain corruption not only left the countries financially crumbled but also transfigured them into zone of psychological and mental degradation followed with cultural erosion as well. This paper has revealed a surreal and sordid scene of growing corruption in south Asia and severe stigmatization of public life fashioned on ground of corruption. For the purpose, the author consulted plenty of relevant literature related to corruption theories, corruption realties and its suffocation to demonstrate the plague that the corruption has crowned to people. This research adopted a descriptive strategy with paradigm of interpretive analysis for building the proposition.