Suchergebnisse

As part of the reform of China's centrally planned economy, one of the primary purposes in establishing a stock market was to help state-owned enterprises raise sufficient capital from the public. The protection of investors' interests was not essential in the initial contemplation of securities laws, though the listed companies have a duty of disclosure under the 1998 Securities Law. After the Supreme People's Court promulgated its judicial interpretation of the false statement doctrine in civil securities cases in 2002, the lower courts started to interpret and apply the elements of the false statement doctrine in securities cases brought by public investors to seek civil compensation against the listed companies that misrepresented or omitted major information. The causation test of the false statement doctrine is the determinative issue in many false statement cases. This Comment explores the confusion in the causation test under the Supreme People's Court's judicial interpretation of the false statement doctrine, evaluates the application of the causation test in two civil securities cases, and argues that a trial court should interpret the causation test in favor of public investors in a close case in light of the legislative intent to protect public investors and the practical need to reconstruct investors' confidence in the stock market in China.

We study-at leading order in the large number of colors expansion and within the resonance chiral theory framework-the odd-intrinsic-parity e(+)e(-) -> pi(+)pi(-) (pi(0); eta) cross sections in the energy regime populated by hadron resonances, namely 3m(pi) less than or similar to E less than or similar to 2 GeV. In addition, we implement our results in the Monte Carlo generator PHOKHARA 7.0 and we simulate hadron production through the radiative return method. ; Conversations with German Rodrigo on the topic of this paper are warmly acknowledged. We would like to thank Henryk Czyz for fruitful discussions on context of MC PHOKHARA 7.0. We also wish to thank Michael R. Pennington for a careful reading of our manuscript and for his suggestions. Lingyun Dai thanks the China Scholarship Council for their support. This research has been supported in part by the funds of the Polish National Science Centre under decisions DEC-2012/04/M/ST2/00240 and DEC-2011/03/B/ST2/00107 (O. S.) and by the Spanish Government and ERDF funds from the EU Commission [Grants No. FPA2007-60323, No. FPA2011-23778, No. CSD2007-00042 (Consolider Project CPAN)]. This paper has been authored in part by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. ; Peer reviewed

Qingyuan Lv,1 Xianyi Li,2 Baode Shen,1 He Xu,1 Chengying Shen,1 Ling Dai,1 Jinxia Bai,1 Hailong Yuan,1 Jin Han11Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital, 2Institute for Drug and Instrument Control, Health Department, General Logistics Department of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaAbstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using spray granulation as a drying method to convert phospholipid (PL)-sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-mixed micelles (MMs) containing a water-insoluble drug to a solid dosage form and to evaluate how drugs with significantly different physicochemical properties affect the spray granulation process and subsequent in vitro and in vivo processes. Cucurbitacin B (Cu B) and glycyrrhizin (GL) were used as the model drugs. After spray granulation, the dried Cu B-PL/SDC-MM powder was completely redispersible within 15 minutes in vitro. Meanwhile, the area under the curve during 24 hours (AUC0–24) and peak serum concentration from the dried powder were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the values from Cu B-PL/SDC-MMs in vivo. However, a better result was obtained for GL, ie, the drug was redispersed completely within 5 minutes in vitro. Further, absorption from the dried GL-PL/SDC-MM powder was increased to the same level as that for GL-PL/SDC-MMs in vivo compared with the control group. The difference in these results can be found in Cu B and GL. Cu B nanoparticles reagglomerated when released, resulting in slower redispersibility and less absorption compared with the original PL-SDC-MMs. However, no agglomeration or delay was observed for GL. A possible explanation is the difference in surface hydrophobicity between Cu B and GL. The results of this study not only show that spray granulation is an effective drying technique that can complement spray-drying and freeze-drying, but also confirm that the physicochemical properties of a drug have a significant influence on the in vitro and in vivo performance of the dried powder obtained after spray granulation.Keywords: cucurbitacin B, glycyrrhizin, mixed phospholipid-bile salt micelles, fluid bed granulation, poorly water soluble drugs

Abstract
Enzymatic humification plays a crucial biogeochemical role in eliminating steroidal estrogens and expanding organic carbon stocks. Estrogenic contaminants in agroecosystems can be taken up and acropetally translocated by crops, but the roles of laccase-triggered rhizospheric humification (L-TRH) in pollutant dissipation and plant uptake remain poorly understood. In this study, the laccase-induced decontamination and humification mechanisms of 17β-estradiol (E2) in water–crop media were investigated by performing greenhouse pot experiments with maize seedlings (Zea mays L.). The results demonstrated that L-TRH effectively dissipated E2 in the rhizosphere solution and achieved the kinetic constants of E2 dissipation at 10 and 50 μM by 8.05 and 2.75 times as much as the treatments without laccase addition, respectively. The copolymerization of E2 and root exudates (i.e. phenols and amino acids) consolidated by L-TRH produced a larger amount of humified precipitates with the richly functional carbon architectures. The growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment levels of maize seedlings were greatly impeded after a 120-h exposure to 50 μM E2, but L-TRH motivated the detoxication process and thus mitigated the phytotoxicity and bioavailability of E2. The tested E2 contents in the maize tissues initially increased sharply with the cultivation time but decreased steadily. Compared with the treatment without laccase addition, the uptake and accumulation of E2 in the maize tissues were obviously diminished by L-TRH. E2 oligomers such as dimer, trimer, and tetramer recognized in the rhizosphere solution were also detected in the root tissues but not in the shoots, demonstrating that the acropetal translocation of E2 oligomers was interrupted. These results highlight a promising strategy for decontaminating estrogenic pollutants, boosting rhizospheric humification, and realizing low-carbon emissions, which would be beneficial for agroenvironmental bioremediation and sustainability.