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AbstractAlthough improvements in human health represent a crucial aspect of development worldwide, many trends associated with development and global change appear to be reducing health security. In this article, we define the human epidemiological environment and describe key biophysical, economic, sociocultural, and political factors that shape it. The potential impact upon the epidemiological environment of aspects of both development and global change are then examined: the influences of human population size, mobility, geographic distribution, and nutritional status; modernization; loss of indigenous medicinal knowledge; microbial evolution of antibiotic resistance; land conversion and biodiversity loss; agricultural intensification; stratospheric ozone depletion; and climate change. Human vulnerability to infectious disease is often strongly and deleteriously influenced by ongoing, intensifying changes in these factors. An unprecedented level of communication and cooperation between experts, institutions, and nations is required to respond to the increasing threat of epidemic disease, which points to a promising area for enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration.

Background and Framework -- Rural Livelihood: Theories and Applications -- Livelihood Choices and Multidimensional Poverty in Impoverished Mountainous Areas -- Classifying Forest Livelihoods in Poor Mountainous Regions based on Forest Resource Utilization -- The Equity, Effectiveness and Efficiency of Ecological Compensation Policies -- An Empirical Study of the Impact of Ecological Compensation Policy on Rural Households in the Western Mountainous Regions -- The Impact of the Grain-for-Green Program on Household Welfare in the Western Mountainous Regions and Fairness Analysis -- Poverty Alleviation Through Population Resettlement and Rural Livelihoods -- Research on Small Watersheds Management and Rural Livelihood -- Future Studies on Rural Livelihoods and Environmental Sustainability.

Intro -- Preface I -- Preface II -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Background and Framework -- 1.1 Background -- 1.1.1 An Overview of Poverty Alleviation Efforts in Rural China -- 1.1.2 The Relationship Between Environmental Protection and Poverty Alleviation and Development Efforts in Rural China -- 1.1.3 Research Motive -- 1.2 Subject Matter and Framework -- 1.2.1 The Subject and General Ideas -- 1.2.2 The Research Methods, Scope, and Framework -- References -- Chapter 2 Rural Livelihood: Theories and Applications -- 2.1 Rural Livelihood and Analytic Frameworks for Sustainable Livelihood -- 2.1.1 The Definitions of "Livelihood" and "Sustainable Livelihood", and Existing Literature -- 2.1.2 Sustainable Livelihood: Theories, Analytical Frameworks, and Developments -- 2.1.3 Rural Livelihood Strategies and Diversified Livelihoods -- 2.2 Impact of the Grain-for-Green Program in Ankang: An Application of the Sustainable Livelihood Framework -- 2.2.1 Indicators for Livelihood Capital, Livelihood Strategies, and Livelihood Outcomes for Households in Rural Western China -- 2.2.2 Livelihood Capital for Enrollees and Non-enrollees in the Grain-for-Green program -- 2.2.3 Livelihood Strategies and Outcomes for Enrollees and Non-enrollees in the Grain-for-Green program -- 2.3 Previous Research on Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) -- 2.3.1 Overview -- 2.3.2 CBNRM Issues in China -- References -- Chapter 3 Livelihood Choices and Multi-Dimensional Poverty in Impoverished Mountainous Areas -- 3.1 Rural Livelihoods and the Environment: Places and Process of Survey -- 3.1.1 The Survey Site of Zhouzhi, Sampling Method, and Survey Process -- 3.1.2 The Survey Site of Ankang, Sampling Method, and Survey Process -- 3.1.3 The Sample of Ankang Rural Households.

As payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs proliferate globally, assessing their impact upon households' income and livelihood patterns is critical. The Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is an exceptional PES program, in terms of its ambitious biophysical and socioeconomic objectives, large geographic scale, numbers of people directly affected, and duration of operation. The SLCP has now operated in the poor mountainous areas in China for 10 y and offers a unique opportunity for policy evaluation. Using survey data on rural households' livelihoods in the southern mountain area in Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province, we carry out a statistical analysis of the effects of PES and other factors on rural household income. We analyze the extent of income inequality and compare the socio-demographic features and household income of households participating in the SLCP with those that did not. Our statistical analysis shows that participation in SLCP has significant positive impacts upon household income, especially for low- and medium-income households; however, participation also has some negative impacts on the low- and medium-income households. Overall, income inequality is less among households participating in the SLCP than among those that do not after 7 y of the PES program. Different income sources have different effects on Gini statistics; in particular, wage income has opposite effects on income inequality for the participating and nonparticipating households. We find, however, that the SLCP has not increased the transfer of labor toward nonfarming activities in the survey site, as the government expected.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; This article concerns the effectiveness of risk management strategies adopted by Chinese rural households, in western China where the economic and social context has changed greatly since the late 1990s. Drawing on an existing framework of risk management and vulnerability to poverty, we propose a new model based on qualitative data analysis and test it using quantitative data. We find that risk management strategies include selfinsurance instruments, which involve households' assets and income diversification, and a risk-sharing strategy. Income diversification, precautionary financial saving, and informal social supports are major risk management strategies, which can be effective in reducing vulnerability. Compared with results of previous studies, we find risk management strategies have been revised; the revisions are caused by the rapid social and economic changes that have taken place since the late 1990s.