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Abstract
This article focuses on the interpretation of the metaphysical deductions of the higher cognitive faculties in Gabriele Gava's Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and the Method of Metaphysics. The aim is to assess the role that Kant's general logic plays in these metaphysical deductions, the consequences for the analysis of the faculties, and the place of general logic in Gava's overall theoretical analysis of Kant's first Critique.

International audience ; Tout pouvoir public à Rome trouve sa légitimité dans une confirmation divine et le pouvoir impérial ne fait pas exception. Les formes et les rites de cette validation suivaient néanmoins encore les pratiques républicaines et n'impliquèrent jamais que la charge suprême de l'État fût divinisée-au moins du point de vue institutionnel. Comme les magistrats, l'empereur romain aussi était choisi par les hommes et agréé par les dieux ; cependant la position d'empereur était le résultat d'une combinaison de pouvoirs et de prérogatives diverses, chacune avec leurs propres rites de validation. En tant que princeps de la res publica, père de la patrie et garant de la paix et du non-retour vers le chaos des guerres civiles, l'empereur était symbole et instrument de la bienveillance que les dieux avaient toujours démontrée envers Rome, mais il n'etait pas dieu lui-même. L'empereur n'était pas non plus l'élu des dieux, car aucun rite divinatoire public ne fut jamais introduit pour choisir un empereur plutôt qu'un autre, c'est-à-dire pour réserver aux dieux une prérogative qui restait l'exclusivité du sénat et du peuple. Le divin rentre en relation avec le pouvoir impérial dans un très grand nombre d'occasions et il est impossible de rendre compte de cette complexité dans l'espace d'un simple article. Ce qui nous occupera ici est donc seulement l'une des facettes de cette relation, celle qui concerne l'investiture impériale et la dimension religieuse de l'exercice du pouvoir civil et militaire par l'empereur. Cette synthèse vise en particulier à éclaircir certains points qui pourraient faire l'objet de malentendus et donner la fausse impression d'une origine divine du pouvoir impérial. En effet, de nombreuses sources montrent que l'idée de la divinité de l'empereur régnant était largement répandue, mais nous devons être capables de les interpréter correctement dans leur contexte religieux, politique, topographique et social. Dans une religion sans révélation ni dogme ni autorité centrale, comme l'était ...

International audience ; Tout pouvoir public à Rome trouve sa légitimité dans une confirmation divine et le pouvoir impérial ne fait pas exception. Les formes et les rites de cette validation suivaient néanmoins encore les pratiques républicaines et n'impliquèrent jamais que la charge suprême de l'État fût divinisée-au moins du point de vue institutionnel. Comme les magistrats, l'empereur romain aussi était choisi par les hommes et agréé par les dieux ; cependant la position d'empereur était le résultat d'une combinaison de pouvoirs et de prérogatives diverses, chacune avec leurs propres rites de validation. En tant que princeps de la res publica, père de la patrie et garant de la paix et du non-retour vers le chaos des guerres civiles, l'empereur était symbole et instrument de la bienveillance que les dieux avaient toujours démontrée envers Rome, mais il n'etait pas dieu lui-même. L'empereur n'était pas non plus l'élu des dieux, car aucun rite divinatoire public ne fut jamais introduit pour choisir un empereur plutôt qu'un autre, c'est-à-dire pour réserver aux dieux une prérogative qui restait l'exclusivité du sénat et du peuple. Le divin rentre en relation avec le pouvoir impérial dans un très grand nombre d'occasions et il est impossible de rendre compte de cette complexité dans l'espace d'un simple article. Ce qui nous occupera ici est donc seulement l'une des facettes de cette relation, celle qui concerne l'investiture impériale et la dimension religieuse de l'exercice du pouvoir civil et militaire par l'empereur. Cette synthèse vise en particulier à éclaircir certains points qui pourraient faire l'objet de malentendus et donner la fausse impression d'une origine divine du pouvoir impérial. En effet, de nombreuses sources montrent que l'idée de la divinité de l'empereur régnant était largement répandue, mais nous devons être capables de les interpréter correctement dans leur contexte religieux, politique, topographique et social. Dans une religion sans révélation ni dogme ni autorité centrale, comme l'était ...

DEL I af denne afhandling omfatter 6 kapitler. Kapitel 1 beskriver de vigtigste problemstillinger omkring brug af energiressourcer. De omhandler miljømæssige, økonomiske, demografiske og socialpolitiske emner som kædes sammen og skaber baggrunden for afhandlingen. Kapitel 2 beskriver state-of-the-art fjernvarmesystemer med fokus på den aktuelle og fremtidige situation i Danmark. Afhandlingen er centreret omkring udviklingen af et nyt fjernvarmeparadigme, "lavtemperatur-fjernvarme", med særligt fokus på dets potentiale og på undersøgelser af de tekniske muligheder for at optimere denne energiløsning med henblik på energieffektivitet og socialøkonomi. Kapitel 3 beskriver hele konceptet bag lavtemperatur-fjernvarme. Kapitel 4 præsenterer afhandlingens hypoteser og sætter fokusområdet i perspektiv i forhold til andre relevante aspekter af emnet. Metoder og begrænsninger er ligeledes beskrevet. Kapitel 5 forklarer det videnskabelige indhold af artiklerne i DEL II af afhandlingen. I artikel I introduceres de tekniske og organisatoriske strategier, som danner baggrund for etableringen af succesrig energiplanlægning i et samfund. I artiklen analyseres desuden state-of-the-art indenfor energiplanlægning, kritiske problemstillinger diskuteres og fjernvarmens rolle i udviklingen af bæredygtig energitilførsel påpeges. Artikel II og III søger at give en videnskabelige baggrund for udvikling af forbedrede løsninger for fjernvarmenetværk; der fokuseres på simulerede modeller af fjernvarmerør for at kunne vurdere energiydelsen fra brug af innovative rørgeometrier, materialer og systemkonfigurationer. Modellerne blev valideret mod eksperimentelle målinger på rigtige fjernvarmerør. Artikel II omhandler detaljeret steady-state modellering og analyse af varmetab fra præisolerede fjernvarmerør. Artikel III fokuserer på modellering og udregning af transient varmeoverførsel i tilførende fjernvarmerør, som er vigtige elementer i lavtemperaturfjernvarmenetværk, især ved forsyning af bebyggede områder med lav varmetæthed. Artikel IV er baseret på simulationer og analyser af netværk med lavenergifjernvarme som forsyner energi-effektive bebyggede områder i lande – såsom Danmark – med en eksisterende veludbygget fjernvarmeinfrastruktur. Den tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighed af disse løsninger bliver vurderet og strategier for optimering af design og funktion bliver foreslået. Artikel V diskuterer potentiale for, og barriererimod, implementering af fjernvarme i Canada, hvor markedsandelen for fjernvarme er lille. Tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighedsanalyser blev foretaget på fjernvarmenetværk, der forsyner et tæt bebygget område i Ottawa, med særligt fokus på udvikling af potentialet for at udnytte varme udvundet fra vedvarende energiressourcer. Kapitel 6 indeholder afhandlingens konklusioner: Analyserne antyder, at man ved kommunal energiplanlægning bør overveje mulighederne for implementering af fjernvarme, da det udgør en vigtig infrastruktur for fremtidige bæredygtige energiløsninger. Energipolitik bør have til formål at organisere og skabe synergien mellem energibesparende tiltag og varmeforsyning fra vedvarende energiressourcer og herved minimere konkurrence mellem de to sektorer. Det anbefales at Finite Element Method (FEM) modeller og simulationer bruges ved design af nye rørgeometrier og systemer. Driftsikkerheden af FEM modeller af fjernvarmerør blev valideret ved hjælp af eksperimentelle data og sammenligning med udregninger og formler fra litteraturen. Udregningerne tager hensyn til temperaturafhængigheden af isoleringsmaterialets varmeledningsevne. Det er blevet vist, at asymmetrisk isolering af dobbeltrør i lavtemperatursystemer fører til 4-8% mindre varmetab fra tilførende varmerør end med symmetrisk isolering. Samtidig kan varmetab fra fraførende varmerør holdes tæt på nul. Ved brug af optimerede dobbeltrørsystemer (et par rør af forskellig størrelse indpakket i samme isolering og yderrør) er det muligt at reducere varmetabet med 6-12% sammenlignet med almindelige dobbeltrør, uden at øge investeringsomkostningerne. Endelig beskrives en løsning med et optimeret tredobbelt rørsystem. Modelleringen af transient varmeoverførsel i fjernvarmeservicerør har vist sig at være nøjagtig, da den giver resultater som stemmer overens med tilbageløbstemperaturprofilen målt eksperimentelt med en afvigelse på mindre end 0.5°C. Der er desuden god overensstemmelse med detaljerede finite-volume simulationer for både trinvise og sinusformede grænsebetingelser mht. fremløbs-temperaturprofilen. Den foreslåede integrerede løsning som omfatter servicerør og varmevekslerenhed med en boosterpumpe opfylder kravene om fjernvarmeforsyning indenfor 10 sekunder og opnår varmebesparelser på 200 kWhth/år med ekstra elektricitetsforbrug på 58 kWhel/år. I Danmark kan optimerede lavtemperatur-fjernvarme netværk være omkostningseffektive i områder med lineær varmetæthed så lav som 0.20 MWh/(m.år). For de scenarier som er analyseret her, er de tilsvarende omkostninger for energiforbruget i intervallet 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (ekskl. moms), hvilket er ca. 20% lavere end scenariet baseret på jordvarme. Netværksløsninger baseret på drift med lav temperatur er bedre end systemer baseret på drift med lavt flow. Det totale primære energiforbrug i det mest energi-effektive design er 14.3% lavere end forbruget i standardnetværk og varmetabet er halveret. Disse resultater antyder, at lavtemperaturfjernvarme konceptet passer ind i visionen for en fremtidig bæredygtig varmesektor. I undersøgelserne foretaget i Canada fandt man, at fjernvarmeforsyning af bebyggede områder med lineær varmetæthed højere end 3.0 MWh/(m.år) er konkurrencedygtig i forhold til den alternative naturgasforsyning, og det giver mulighed for implementering af brugen af vedvarende energi ressourcer og ringe varmeressourcer. I områder med lineær varmetæthed under 1.5 MWh/(m.år) er det dog ikke økonomisk rentabelt i den aktuelle situation på energimarkedet i Canada, men kunne overvejes ved fremtidige netværksudvidelser sammen med implementering af optimerede design- og planlægningskoncepter. Desuden kan middeltemperatur-fjernvarme netværk tilpasses de aktuelle varmebehov, imens fremadrettede muligheder for lavtemperatur-fjernvarme overvejes. ; PART I of this doctoral thesis consists of 6 chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes the main issues caused by the use of energy resources. They involve ecological, economic, demographical and socio-political topics that are linked together and define the background of the thesis. Chapter 2 describes the state-of-the-art of District Heating (DH) systems, with focus on the present and future situation in Denmark. The core of the thesis consists of the development of a new DH paradigm, the "Low- Temperature District Heating (LTDH)", the study of its potential, and investigations of technical options which improve its applicability in terms of energy performance and socio-economy. Chapter 3 describes the whole idea about LTDH. Chapter 4 presents the hypotheses of the studies, draws the boundaries between the focus area of the thesis and other relevant aspects of the subject, describes the limitations of the work and lists the methods which were used. Chapter 5 explains the results of the scientific content reported in the articles in PART II. Article I introduces the technical and organizational strategies that can facilitate the establishment of a successful energy planning in a community. It analyses the stateof- the art in community energy planning, discusses critical issues, and points at the role of DH in moving towards sustainable heat supply. The articles II and III aim at providing science-based knowledge for the development of improved solutions for the DH networks; they focus on the performance simulation of DH pipelines through models for assessing the energy performance of innovative pipe geometries, materials or system configurations. The models were validated against experimental measurements on real DH pipes. Article II considers the detailed steady-state modelling and analysis of heat losses in pre-insulated DH pipes. Article III focuses on the modelling and computation of the transient heat transfer in service pipes, which are important elements of LTDH networks, particularly when supplying low heat density building areas. The purpose of article IV was to perform simulations and analyses about low-energy DH networks supplying heat to energy-efficient building areas in countries – such as Denmark – with an extensive existing DH infrastructure, quantify their technical and economic feasibility, and suggest strategies for optimizing their design and operation. Article V deals with the potential and barriers of implementing DH in Canada, where the DH market share is low. Technical-economic feasibility studies for DH networks supplying an urban area in the city of Ottawa were carried out, with particular attention to developing the potential for supplying heat derived from Renewable Energy (RE). Chapter 6 summarises the conclusions. First of all, analysis of the case studies suggests that local authority energy plans should take the opportunities for DH implementation into account, because DH is an essential infrastructure for future, sustainable energy systems. Energy policy should aim at organizing and facilitating the synergy between energy conservation measures and the supply of heat based on RE energy and overcome the traditional competition between the two sectors. It is recommended that Finite Element Method (FEM) models and simulation should be used when designing new pipe geometries and systems. The reliability of the FEM models of DH pipes was validated by means of experimental data and comparison with analytical formulas and data from literature. The calculation method takes into account the temperature-dependency of the thermal conductivity of the insulation foam. It was demonstrated that the asymmetrical insulation of twin pipes in lowtemperature operations leads to 4% to 8% lower heat loss from the supply media pipe than a symmetrical configuration, and at the same time the heat loss from the return media pipe can be kept close to zero. With the use of optimized double-pipe systems (a pair of differently-sized media pipes, embedded in the same insulation and casing pipe), it is possible to cut heat losses by 6% to 12% in comparison to twin pipes without increasing investment costs. Finally, the development of an optimized triple pipe solution is described. The code modelling the transient heat transfer in DH service pipes is proven to be accurate, since it gives results that well represent the outlet temperature profile measured in the experiments with deviations of less than 0.5°C, and it is in good accordance with detailed, finite-volume simulations, for both stepwise and sinusoidal boundary conditions with regard to the inlet temperature profile. The proposed integrated solution consisting of service pipe and heat exchanger unit with a booster pump satisfies the requirement for DHW supply within l0 seconds and achieves heat savings for 200 kWhth/yr with an additional electricity use of approximately 58 kWhel/yr. In Denmark, optimally-designed LTDH networks can be cost-effective in areas with a linear heat density as low as 0.20 MWh/(m.yr). For the cases considered, the levelized cost of energy is between 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (excl. VAT) and this is approximately 20% lower than the scenario based on ground-source heat pumps. The network designs based on low-temperature operation are superior to the design based on lowflow operation. The total primary energy use in the most energy-efficient design is 14.3% lower than in standard networks and the distribution heat losses are halved. The results indicate that the LTDH concept fits the vision of the future energysustainable heating sector in Denmark. In the investigations of the case studies in Canada, it was found that DH supply to building areas with linear heat density greater than 3.0 MWh/(m.yr) is competitive with the natural gas supply alternative and offers the opportunity to implement the use of RE and low-grade heat sources. The areas with linear heat density below 1.5 MWh/(m.yr) are not economically feasible with the current situation of the energy market in Canada, but could be considered for future network extensions together with the implementation of improved design and planning concepts. Moreover, medium-temperature DH networks can be designed for current heating loads while envisaging low-temperature operation in the future.

Purpose
The United Nations (2030 Agenda) recognize the need to work with sustainable urban mobility problems such as traffic jams, pollution, inadequate infrastructure are becoming recurring issues in urban centers, directly affecting the quality of life. Such an unsustainable system is frequently observed at universities, as these houses a large concentration of people and vehicles, without proper planning. To promote sustainable strategies at universities, this research aims to focus on the sustainable mobility plan (SMP) applied at the University of Passo Fundo (UPF).


Design/methodology/approach
Bibliographic research about the current mobility of the campus has been carried out. A questionnaire was distributed to understand opinions about the subject of key people.


Findings
The priority treatment given to vehicles, mostly, is an alert factor, which must be solved immediately, considering the need of planning and restructuring it. The suggestions of possible solutions were also relevant, and are being considered for the plan's implementation.


Originality/value
This study stands out for using the 2030 Agenda, specifically Goal 11 (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable), using the university campus as a study object. The mobility plan elaboration was constituted by several actions to fill all parts of the mentioned goal. This study stands out because its methodology can be used in other universities besides UPF and also, to a larger scale, in cities, with similar technical features.

[EN] Recently, some authors have applied pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a pre-treatment of osmotic dehydration, showing a faster kinetics of dehydration. Osmotic dehydration of fruit tissue shows complex mass transfer mechanism associated with active and passive transports of the vegetal matrix, usually driven by electrolytes. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of different PEF values (100, 250, 400 V/cm) as a pre-treatment of the osmotic dehydration (61.5°Brix, up to 120 min) on mass transport mechanism of organic kiwifruit. A thermodynamic model able to describe the mass transfer and tissue deformation in kiwifruit was developed. It was possible to conclude that pulsed electric field as a pre-treatment, remove a part of the native electrolytes, reducing the activity of protein active pumps, leaving alone the passive protein channels as a main mass transmembrane transport and therefore affecting to the regular functionality of cell homeostasis system. ; The authors Urszula Tylewicz and Marco Dalla Rosa want to thank for the financial support of this project provided by funding bodies within the FP7 ERA-Net CORE Organic Plus, and with cofunds from the European Commission (this project has received funding from the European Union's 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement No 618107.). The author Marta Castro-Giraldez wants to thank the UPV Postdoctoral Program (PAID-10-14) of the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for its support. The author Maria Victoria Traffano Schiffo wants to thank the FPI Predoctoral Program of the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for support her PhD studies, ERASMUS PRACTICAS program to finance her mobility to Italy and also Silvia Tappi and Wei Luo for their cooperation during the experiment. ; Traffano-Schiffo, MV.; Tylewicz, U.; Castro Giraldez, M.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Ragni, L.; Dalla Rosa, M. (2016). Effect of pulsed electric fields pre-treatment on mass transport during the osmotic dehydration of organic kiwifruit. Innovative Food Science & Emerging ...

[EN] Apple discs were impregnated with isotonic solutions of sucrose and trehalose with and without calcium addition and after air dried. In the vacuum impregnation experiments, the calcium and the replacement of sucrose by trehalose did not have significant effect on the final volumetric deformation of the samples. During air drying two stages of changes were considered. The first one lasted until the saturation of the intracellular liquid phase, and the second one from the saturation of the intracellular liquid phase until the end of the drying process. Mass transfer has been analysed applying nonlinear irreversible thermodynamics. Water flux, water chemical potential and tissue shrinkage have been taken into account in order to accurately describe the mass transfer phenomena during air drying. A precise definition of chemical potential allowed estimating the partial molar energy needed for breakages and the reversible and irreversible deformations of tissue structure coupled with mass transfer during air drying of apple. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; The authors thank the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion) for financial support to the project AGL2009-09905. The authors also acknowledge the European Commission for its contribution throughout the FoodSPProcess Project. ; Betoret Valls, ME.; Betoret Valls, N.; Castagnini, JM.; Rocculi, P.; Dalla Rosa, M.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2015). Analysis by non-linear irreversible thermodynamics of compositional and structural changes occurred during air drying of vacuum impregnated apple (cv. Granny smith). Calcium and trehalose effects. Journal of Food Engineering. 147:95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.028 ; S ; 95 ; 101 ; 147