American "Declinism": A Review of Recent Literature
In: Parameters: the US Army War College quarterly, Band 44, Heft 4
ISSN: 2158-2106
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In: Parameters: the US Army War College quarterly, Band 44, Heft 4
ISSN: 2158-2106
In: The US Army War College quarterly parameters, Band 44, Heft 4, S. 135
ISSN: 0031-1723
In: Journal of Asian security and international affairs: JASIA, Band 1, Heft 3, S. 235-261
ISSN: 2349-0039
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide an important resource to good governance involving complex issues of environmental security. We explore that role by looking at recent campaigns concerned with security at the coal–water nexus in India and China, undertaken by regional arms of Greenpeace, an important international NGO. We find that, at the national level, the impact of NGOs on environmental governance depends deeply on an organization's relation to government. In China, Greenpeace East Asia serves the government's interest by providing an external source of information on activities and perceptions at the provincial level. An NGO such as Greenpeace East Asia is perceived as valuable and is tolerated as long as it acts in accordance with the unwritten rules of engagement with the government, as practiced by domestic NGOs. Greenpeace India, by comparison, is one among many NGOs, tolerated as a matter of democratic principle, but suspect because of its international connections. Greenpeace India has yet to have a meaningful impact on governance at the coal–water nexus. Greenpeace East Asia, on the other hand, appears to have found a role that can impact environmental governance, but is dependent upon operating within bounds that are set by the Chinese model of government.
In: Human resource management review, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 205-218
ISSN: 1053-4822
Viral disease poses a major barrier to sustainable aquaculture, with outbreaks causing large economic losses and growing concerns for fish welfare. Genomic epidemiology can support disease control by providing rapid inferences on viral evolution and disease transmission. In this study, genomic epidemiology was used to investigate salmonid alphavirus (SAV), the causative agent of pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon. Our aim was to reconstruct SAV subtype-2 (SAV2) diversity and transmission dynamics in recent Norwegian aquaculture, including the origin of SAV2 in regions where this subtype is not tolerated under current legislation. Using nanopore sequencing, we captured ~90% of the SAV2 genome for n = 68 field isolates from 10 aquaculture production regions sampled between 2018 and 2020. Using time-calibrated phylogenetics, we infer that, following its introduction to Norway around 2010, SAV2 split into two clades (SAV2a and 2b) around 2013. While co-present at the same sites near the boundary of Møre og Romsdal and Trøndelag, SAV2a and 2b were generally detected in non-overlapping locations at more Southern and Northern latitudes, respectively. We provide evidence for recent SAV2 transmission over large distances, revealing a strong connection between Møre og Romsdal and SAV2 detected in 2019/20 in Rogaland. We also demonstrate separate introductions of SAV2a and 2b outside the SAV2 zone in Sognefjorden (Vestland), connected to samples from Møre og Romsdal and Trøndelag, respectively, and a likely 100 km Northward transmission of SAV2b within Trøndelag. Finally, we recovered genomes of SAV2a and SAV3 co-infecting single fish in Rogaland, involving novel SAV3 lineages that diverged from previously characterized strains >25 years ago. Overall, this study demonstrates useful applications of genomic epidemiology for tracking viral disease spread in aquaculture.
BASE
In: The leadership quarterly: an international journal of political, social and behavioral science, Band 26, Heft 1, S. 68-80
In 2020 the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic putting entire governments and civil societies in crisis mode. Around the globe unprecedented shortages of equipment and qualified personnel were reported in hospitals and diagnostic laboratories. When a crisis is global, supply chains are strained worldwide and external help may not be readily available. In Switzerland, as part of the efforts of the Swiss National COVID-19 Science Task Force, we developed a tailor-made web-based tool where needs and offers for critical laboratory equipment and expertise can be brought together, coordinated, prioritized, and validated. This Academic Resources for COVID-19 (ARC) Platform presents the specialized needs of diagnostic laboratories to academic research groups at universities, allowing the sourcing of said needs from unconventional supply channels, while keeping the entities tasked with coordination of the crisis response in control of each part of the process. An instance of the ARC Platform is operated in Switzerland (arc.epfl.ch) catering to the diagnostic efforts in Switzerland and sourcing from the Swiss academic sector. The underlying technology has been released as open source so that others can adopt the customizable web-platform for need/supply match-making in their own relief efforts, during the COVID-19 pandemic or any future disaster.
BASE
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated selfreported factors associated with public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public policy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the pandemic (obtained from Google mobility reports). Higher levels of national identification prior to the pandemic predicted lower mobility during the early stage of the pandemic (r = −0.40). We discuss the potential implications of links between national identity, leadership, and public health for managing COVID-19 and future pandemics.
BASE