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The article considers the age-old path of development of sociology at the Belarusian State University (BSU). It is argued that the institutionalization of sociology on the territory of Belarus began with the opening of the Belarusian State University and the creation of the Department of Sociology and Primitive Culture (S. Z. Katzenbogen), where students were given lectures on genetic sociology, issues of labor, law, cultural history, and sociology of family and marriage. After the identification of historical materialism with sociology, the teaching of sociological disciplines was excluded from the curricula of BSU. Sociology revived in the 1960s with the creation of the Problematic Research Laboratory of Sociological Studies at the BSU (PRLSS–BSU) (first head – Prof. I. N. Lushchitsky). In its depths, as well as in the sector of applied sociology at the Department of Philosophy of the Humanities Faculties (Prof. G. P. Davidyuk), personnel were trained and the necessary conditions were created for the opening of the Department of Sociology and the Department of Sociology in 1989 (the first head of the department was Prof. A. N. Elsukov). Professor G. P. Davidyuk is rightfully considered the founder of modern Belarusian sociology. At present, at BSU, centuries-old traditions in the field of sociological science and education are being developed at the Center for Sociological and Political Researches (headed by Prof. D. G. Rotman) and at the Department of Sociology of the Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences (headed by Prof. A. N. Danilov).

The priority role of culture in formation of the ideal of the future is proved, the technology of this process is revealed. Culture is considered as an environment for the preservation and transformation of spiritual heritage. Major changes involve cultural change, which, as a rule, are the result of rethinking and updating fundamental life meanings and basic values. In modern conditions, there is a spontaneous search for possible solutions to pressing problems, the erosion of life meanings, including such fundamental concepts as citizenship, national, professional and religious identity. Such an uncertain situation cannot remain indefinitely. Culture, having adsorbed possible development options, makes its choice of the ideal of the future. Today, most post­Soviet countries have no vision of the future, and living without a concept of the future is meaningless.Concepts are analyzed that could explain the problems of building a common vision of the ideal of the future, points of growth of new values that are formed in the depths of the old culture. It presents benchmarks and goals that the majority of the population would like to achieve. The response to new risks is the adequate development of national culture, which naturally is in dialogue with world culture, the formation of new meanings and values in life. Since the future of humanity is multivariate and not unambiguous. The humanities are not keeping pace with too rapid change. Moreover, in addition to benefits, modern technologies bring new problems to a person, opening up wide opportunities for information violence, manipulation of public consciousness.The purpose of the article is to reveal the priority of culture in the formation of the ideal of the future. It seems that it is culture that is the sphere of the supra-biological programs of human life, where the ideal of the future is formed.

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The article deals with the actual problems of the development of modern society. Based on the analysis and understanding of sociological works on this subject, an attempt was made to reveal the mechanism for choosing the future and the place of culture in this process. The consumer society that dominates the world today is often viewed as the only possible perspective of modern civilization, and its ideals and values ​​are presented as a role model. It is assumed that the value attitudes of such a society have a number of advantages over the values ​​of other social and cultural types of organization of public life and open up unlimited opportunities for economic development for those regions that accept them. However, the problems that arise in the course of their implementation are becoming more and more obvious. The question is, if these problems are transient difficulties in the movement of the consumer society towards triumph on a worldwide scale, or if they testify to its historical limitations and to the far from unconditional universality of its value orientations. The answer to this question is especially important for the societies where this type of organization of socio-economic and cultural life is not historically organic, and other development prospects are possible.

The future is multivariate, but limited by the framework of the previous development of the system and its current state. Social sciences, humanities are lagging behind in comprehending rapid and global changes. It is promising to study the changes taking place in various spheres of modern culture, where new meanings and values ​​of life are emerging, providing a new type of civilizational development. The article examines the classical approaches to the structure of sociality, including its new type, which can be called, according to E. Durkheim, "divine social". It is stated that in the XXI c. a new generation has grown up, that cannot be called lost, infantile, split. It adheres to its ideals, is focused on changes and wants to live in a world where its opinions are taken into account, where social justice is a priority. The author shows the importance of studying the mechanism and motives for choosing the new, the role of the clash of cultures in this process, the conflict of values, the emergence and rooting of new life meanings.

The article substantiates the theoretical foundations of the technology of forming a new progress ideal, reveals the role of culture and its potential in this process. The author justifies the existence and constant updating of the cultural code, its fundamental vital meanings and basic values, suggests the possibility of destructive changes when shifting the cultural status of basic values. The author considers of the article as the main conclusions, firstly, the mechanism of transition of society to a new state, where new types of sociality arise, fundamental life meanings and basic values are updated; secondly, the author shows that the formation of a new matrix of values and the renewal of life meanings is a condition for the transition to a new type of civilizational development, which is growing within modern society; thirdly, the revolution in the field of communication allows the transfer to the traditional cultural status of pseudocultural or extra-cultural values, thereby opening the way for the destruction of the foundations of culture.

The article considers the transformation of basic values, life plans and behavioral strategies of the youth in contemporary Belarus. The changes in basic values are directly connected with the youth's adaptation to the conditions of global instability. The new generation is sensitive to social injustice, violations of rights and freedoms, unwillingness to take into account their opinions on current issues of social development and the future. The self-perception of people regarding the possibility to realize basic values in the current social-economic conditions is an important factor of social stability. In both 1990 and 2018, family holds the first place among the basic values in Belarus; work takes the second place as a factor of decent life and family's success; the importance of friends and leisure remains the same over the decades, while the importance of politics and religion grows. International comparisons show that Belarus has the same hierarchy of values as European countries. The surveys prove a decrease in popularity of the traditional media among the youth and an increase in individualism, importance of personal self-realization in family and at work, and in reliance on one's own forces. In the public space, the needs and expectations of people have changed - there is an increase in political radicalization and critical perception of the most important events, which affects the behavioral patterns of social-demographic groups. Education together with the family and new information technologies have a significant impact on values - there is an intragenerational gap, alienation from society and increasing informatization. The article is based on the results of the sociological surveys conducted in the framework of the European Values Study (EVS) (the results of 1990 and 2018 are compared).

In the article the author addresses one of the little-studied issues of the history of the Great Patriotic War in regional historiography. The construction of defensive lines on the territory of the Saratov region, which was located for a long time in the near rear of the Soviet-German front, was carried out for a year and a half, took on a large spatial scale and required large-scale expenditures of human and material resources. From the autumn of 1941 until March 1943, six field-type defense lines with a total length of over 600 kilometers were built in the region. It is shown that the Saratov defensive lines were part of a general deep-echeloned system of fortifications designed to cover the main strategic areas, economic and administrative centers of the country. The organization and progress of the construction of defensive fortifications on the outskirts of Saratov, the nature and extent of the participation of special units of the Red Army and the local population in it are considered. The question is raised about the expediency of erecting protective lines on the territory of the region, the validity of the construction period.