Suchergebnisse

Avec le changement climatique, il est admis que les variations de température et de précipitations sont susceptibles d'affecter significativement les systèmes naturels tout autant que les systèmes de production de l'agriculture et de l'élevage. L'objectif de cet article est d'illustrer l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique sur les productions végétales et de ses interactions avec les productions animales, en particulier via les changements d'utilisation des sols agricoles et l'alimentation animale. Une évaluation des émissions directes de gaz à effet de serre affectées par les changements au sein des systèmes de production est réalisée. L'étude repose sur les résultats obtenus avec le couplage d'un modèle de culture (STICS) et d'un modèle agro-économique (AROPAj), sous différents scénarios climatiques résultant de simulations du climat à long terme (scénarios "A2H2" et "B1H2" de l'AR41 de l'IPCC). Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'adaptation des pratiques agricoles dans le futur lointain atténue voire renverse les effets négatifs que pourrait causer le changement climatique sur les systèmes de culture. Lorsque l'on généralise cette analyse aux prairies et aux cultures fourragères, les résultats apparaissent plus mitigés et les systèmes d'élevage pourraient moins bien résister et évoluer moins favorablement que les systèmes de culture si les prairies devaient subir une diminution significative de leur surface. ; A crop farming model (STICS) and an agro-economic model (AROPAj) were coupled in order to assess the economic aspects and changes in farming practices induced by climate change on a European scale, based on different scenarios simulating long term climate changes. Forecasts were made for changes in land use and animal nutrition. Forage crops are expected to expand and take over grassland. In the long term, these new farming practices could increase direct greenhouse gas emissions due to a wider use of nitrogen fertilizers, a trend which could be reversed by taxing emissions. In this context of significantly reduced grassland, it may prove more difficult for livestock systems to subsist as opposed to crop farming systems.

Background Obesity threatens to undo the improvements that have been made in life expectancy over the last two centuries. It disproportionately affects lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups and has become one of the most important global health challenges of the 21stcentury. Whilst obesity is not confined to city populations, cities are home to more than half of the world's population with concentrated groups at high risk of obesity. Cities have also long been the forefront of social and technological change that has led to our current obesogenic environment. The aim of this study was to systematically identify city-wide interventions to address obesity, from which recommendations for policy makers, health system leaders and political leaders in cities could be made. Methods Systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Embase, Ovid Medline, Central, Scopus, Campbell Library, CINALH, Health Business Elite; Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), PyschINFO and Prospero. No restrictions on article type, date range or geographic location were applied. Along with classic academic sources, books and policy white papers were sought and reviewed. Studies that described a city-wide intervention to reduce obesity were included, irrespective of study design or perceived methodological quality. Only studies in English language were included. The primary outcome indicators that were sought and extracted were: reduction in obesity, reduction in weight and/or reduction in BMI. Where a primary outcome indicator was not stated, any other secondary impact measure was identified and recorded. This manuscript represents thematic analysis of a sub-set of data from the Prospero study, registration number: CRD42020166210 Findings Our search yielded 42,137 original citations of which 1614 met the inclusion criteria and 96 were coded as relating to obesity. The 96 citations, ranging in year of publication 1997 to 2019, were conducted in 36 cities, with 13 citations either not stating a city or covering multiple cities, across 5 continents. The highest proportion of publications were from North America (59 / 96) and in particular the USA (56/96) and New York City (23/96). Primary outcome indicators were only stated in one quarter of the identified studies (24/96). Overall, there was heterogeneity of study design, descriptive methodologies and publication types, with a majority being descriptive texts using qualitative instruments of assessment. Interpretation Multi-level and multi-component interventions, at the individual, community and city level, done in concert, are needed to address obesity. A composite of interventions that cities can utilise to address obesity is provided. These interventions will also be beneficial to the environment and make the case that personal health and planetary health are inextricably linked and should be considered as one. Funding None

BACKGROUND: Obesity threatens to undo the improvements that have been made in life expectancy over the last two centuries. It disproportionately affects lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups and has become one of the most important global health challenges of the 21(st)century. Whilst obesity is not confined to city populations, cities are home to more than half of the world's population with concentrated groups at high risk of obesity. Cities have also long been the forefront of social and technological change that has led to our current obesogenic environment. The aim of this study was to systematically identify city-wide interventions to address obesity, from which recommendations for policy makers, health system leaders and political leaders in cities could be made. METHODS: Systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Embase, Ovid Medline, Central, Scopus, Campbell Library, CINALH, Health Business Elite; Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), PyschINFO and Prospero. No restrictions on article type, date range or geographic location were applied. Along with classic academic sources, books and policy white papers were sought and reviewed. Studies that described a city-wide intervention to reduce obesity were included, irrespective of study design or perceived methodological quality. Only studies in English language were included. The primary outcome indicators that were sought and extracted were: reduction in obesity, reduction in weight and/or reduction in BMI. Where a primary outcome indicator was not stated, any other secondary impact measure was identified and recorded. This manuscript represents thematic analysis of a sub-set of data from the Prospero study, registration number: CRD42020166210 FINDINGS: Our search yielded 42,137 original citations of which 1614 met the inclusion criteria and 96 were coded as relating to obesity. The 96 citations, ranging in year of publication 1997 to 2019, were conducted in 36 cities, with 13 citations either not stating a ...

Abstract
Many of the most significant challenges in health care—such as smoking, overeating, and poor adherence to evidence‐based guidelines—will only be resolved if we can influence behavior. The traditional policy tools used when thinking about influencing behavior include legislation, regulation, and information provision. Recently, policy analysts have shown interest in policies that "nudge" people in particular directions, drawing on advances in understanding that behavior is strongly influenced in largely automatic ways by the context within which it is placed. This article considers the theoretical basis for why nudges might work and reviews the evidence in health behavior change. The evidence is structured according to the Mindspace framework for behavior change. The conclusion is that insights from behavioral economics offer powerful policy tools for influencing behavior in health care. This article provides public administration practitioners with an accessible summary of this literature, putting these insights into practical use.