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Terrorist attacks today are often media events in a second sense: information and communication technologies have developed to such a point that these groups can film, edit, and upload their own attacks within minutes of staging them, whether the Western media are present or not. In this radically new information environment, the enemy no longer depends on traditional media. This is the "YouTube War." This monograph methodically lays out the nature of this new environment in terms of its implications for a war against media-savvy insurgents, and then considers possible courses of action for the Army and the U.S. military as they seek to respond to an enemy that has proven enormously adaptive to this new environment and the new type of warfare it enables. ; "November 2009." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-123). ; Terrorist attacks today are often media events in a second sense: information and communication technologies have developed to such a point that these groups can film, edit, and upload their own attacks within minutes of staging them, whether the Western media are present or not. In this radically new information environment, the enemy no longer depends on traditional media. This is the "YouTube War." This monograph methodically lays out the nature of this new environment in terms of its implications for a war against media-savvy insurgents, and then considers possible courses of action for the Army and the U.S. military as they seek to respond to an enemy that has proven enormously adaptive to this new environment and the new type of warfare it enables. ; Mode of access: Internet.

1. Radical Visual Propaganda in theOnline Environment: An Introduction / Cori E. Dauber and Carol K. Winkler 1. - Section I: Perspectives on the Re-Circulation of Online Visual Images 31. - 2. Gathering Data Through Court Cases: Implications for Understanding Visual Messaging / Anne Stenersen 33. - 3. Visual Reconciliation as Strategy of Response to Offending Images Online / Carol K. Winkler 55. - Section II: Perspectives on Message Strategies of Online Extremists 81. - 4. Teaching Hate: The Role of Internet Visual Imagery in the Radicalization of White Ethno-terrorists in the United States / Michael S. Waltman 83. - 5. "Counter" or "Alternative": Contesting Video Narratives of Violent Islamist Extremism / Scott W. Ruston and Jeffry R. Halverson 105. - Section III: Perspectives on Audiences and Images in Online Environments 135. - 6. The Branding of Violent Jihadism / Cori E. Dauber 137. - 7. Conceptualizing Radicalization in a Market for Loyalties / Shawn Powers and Matt Armstrong 165. - 8. Semantic Processing of Visual Propaganda in the Online Environment / Saeid Balkesim 193. - 9. Big Pictures and Visual Propaganda: The Lessons of Research on the "Effects" of Photojournalistic Icons / Natalia Mielczarek and David D. Perlmutter 215. - 10. Responses and Recommendations / Cori E. Dauber and Louis H. Jordan, Jr. 233