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Since the U.S. presidential elections of 1980, debate has intensified between those who believe that nuclear weapons can only deter a war not intended to be fought and those who see nuclear weapons as an advancement in weaponry that allows for the waging and winning of a nuclear war. At the focal point of this debate is the rise of the "counterforc

How are we to explain U.S. foreign policy—particularly policy making on national security—during the transformative years of the G. W. Bush administration? Who were the actors and what were the factors that produced what were some of the most controversial policies? This article argues that security choices and decisions have been the results of the work and methods of "policy entrepreneurs." It looks first at theoretical approaches to entrepreneurs and their influence over the formulation of national security policy, and secondly at who those entrepreneurs were and how they achieved their goal of transforming U.S. security policy. Two decisions are discussed: the invasion of Iraq and the legal redefinition of torture by the G. W. Bush administration.Related Articles

Dolan, Chris J. 2008. "." Politics & Policy 36 (): 542‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00121.x/abstract


Haar, Roberta. 2010. "." Politics & Policy 38 (): 965‐990. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00265.x/abstract


Clark, John F. 1995. "." Southeastern Political Review 23 (): 559‐579. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.1995.tb00076.x/abstract
Related MediaFilms and Documentaries

Brolin, Josh. 2009. Lionsgate. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1175491/


Kirk, Michael. 2006. "." Frontline Documentary. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/


Kirk, Michael. 2005. "." Frontline Documentary. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/torture/


Jones, Sherry. 2008. "." Washington Media Associates. http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy/info/

La guerre entre grandes puissances semble appartenir au passé. Ce changement augure, entre États développés, d'une ère de conflits postmodernes, sans passage au conflit armé. D'autres conflits résultent de la fragmentation et de la reconstitution des espaces politiques, s'apparentant aux guerres prémodernes des seigneurs de guerre. Mais globalement, les guerres sont en voie de forte diminution. Une paix où les conflits seraient contenus en deçà des affrontements militaires serait-elle en vue ?

Les conflits actuels peuvent donner l'impression d'une violence accrue et de guerres interminables. Loin de ces idées reçues, Charles-Philippe David démontre, après avoir retracé la typologie des affrontements et à l'aide de données chiffrées, le déclin progressif de la violence. À travers le continuum guerre et paix, il interroge la corrélation entre l'implication de la communauté internationale et les divers modes de résolution des conflits armés, et pose les défis qui demeurent. Peut-on vaincre la guerre au xxi e siècle ? L'auteur se propose de nous donner les premiers éléments de réponse.

War between great powers seems to be a thing of the past. Between developed States, this change heralds an era of postmodern conflicts which bypass armed confrontation. Other conflicts, brought about by the fragmentation and reformation of political spheres, are linked to pre-modern wars waged by warlords. But in general, wars are becoming scarcer. Are we heading for a time of peace in which conflicts might be kept under the military confrontation stage? (Politique étrangère (Paris) / SWP)