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2 pages ; Over the last two decades, several re-ports have compiled what is known about the economic impacts of harm-ful algal blooms (HABs) [1-4]. Although these reports attempted to gather comprehensive economic impact data, both the type and amount of data available were limited. One past study estimated the cost of HABs in the European Union at $800 Million [2] but most of that cost was extrapolated for a very few HAB organisms. [.]

8 pages, 1 figures, 4 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101901.-- This paper contributes to the implementation of the objectives of the IOC-SCOR GlobalHAB international programme (www.globalhab.info) concerning HABs and Human Health ; Exposure to harmful algal blooms (HABs) can lead to well recognised acute patterns of illness in humans. The objective of this scoping review was to use an established methodology and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting framework to map the evidence for associations between marine HABs and observed both acute and chronic human health effects. A systematic and reproducible search of publications from 1985 until May 2019 was conducted using diverse electronic databases. Following de-duplication, 5,301 records were identified, of which 380 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The majority of studies (220; 57.9%) related to Ciguatera Poisoning. Anecdotal and case reports made up the vast majority of study types (242; 63.7%), whereas there were fewer formal epidemiological studies (35; 9.2%). Only four studies related to chronic exposure to HABs. A low proportion of studies reported the use of human specimens for confirmation of the cause of illness (32; 8.4%). This study highlighted gaps in the evidence base including a lack of formal surveillance and epidemiological studies, limited use of toxin measurements in human samples, and a scarcity of studies of chronic exposure. Future research and policy should provide a baseline understanding of the burden of human disease to inform the evaluation of the current and future impacts of climate change and HABs on human health ; The research was funded in part by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Case PhD in Climate Change, Harmful Algal Blooms and Human Health; the UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Environmental Change and Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), and in collaboration with the University of Exeter, University College London, and the Met Office; the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for the MEDMI Project (https://www.data-mashup.org.uk); and the European Union's Horizon 2020, Grant/ Award Number: 774567 (SOPHIE Projecthttps://sophie2020.eu) and 666773 (BlueHealth Projecthttps://bluehealth2020.eu); UK Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) via the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) under grant agreement reference NE/P021107/1 to the Blue Communities project; and the UKRI grants OFF-Aqua BB/S004246/, CAMPUS NE/R00675X/11 and the Atlantic Area Interreg project PRIMROSE

This report describes the results of the Scottish Official Control Monitoring Programmes delivered by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and partners for the period 1st January to 31st December 2018. The programmes were delivered on behalf of Food Standards Scotland (FSS), the competent authority in Scotland for food safety and were aimed at delivering the testing required for the statutory monitoring of biotoxins, E.coli and chemical contaminants in shellfish and for the identification and enumeration of potentially harmful algal species in selected shellfish harvesting areas, as described in EC Regulations 854/2004, 882/2004, 1881/2006 and 2074/2005. The co-ordination of the programme, its logistics, toxin analyses and the majority of E. coli analyses were conducted by Cefas, whilst phytoplankton analyses were performed by SAMS Research Services Ltd. (SRSL) in Oban, chemical contaminants analyses by Fera Science Ltd (Fera) in York and E. coli analyses for Shetland only by SSQC Ltd in Scalloway. These laboratories were contracted by Cefas under the scope of the 'Shellfish Partnership'. An overview of these programmes and their results are presented in the following sections of this report: • Section 1: Toxin and phytoplankton monitoring programme • Section 2: E. coli monitoring programme • Section 3: Chemical contaminants monitoring programme The Shellfish Partnership has been responsible for the delivery of these programmes since 2012. Until now, the results of each annual programme have been reported separately. At the request of FSS, the 2018 results have been combined into one single annual report. A total of 3,975 shellfish samples and 1,305 water samples were collected for the purpose of the 2018 Scottish official control monitoring programmes. Samples collected between the 1st of January and 31st of March were collected by officers operating on behalf of several contractors appointed directly by FSS. Since the 1st of April 2018, sampling officers from Hall Mark Meat Hygiene (HMMH) have collected or arranged collection for all samples from all geographic locations, under a new contract arrangement with Cefas. Only 0.5% of the biotoxin samples, 0.7% of the water samples and 2.1% of E. coli samples were rejected as unsuitable for analysis on arrival at the laboratories. All chemical contaminants samples were suitable. All analyses followed the approved methods layed out in EU legislation and specified by FSS for the purpose of this programme. All methods were accredited to ISO17025:2005 standards at the testing laboratories. Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins (ASP) were monitored in 794 samples, lipophilic toxins (LT) in 1,858 samples and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP) in 1,161 samples. 1,951 samples were tested for E. coli, 20 for heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury), 28 for PAHs and 13 for dioxins and PCBs. All results were reported to FSS' specifications and met the required FSS turnaround times. Specifically: • 96.5% of all toxin results were reported within 1 working day of sample eceipt, 99.9% within 2 working days; • 100% of phytoplankton results were reported within 3 days of sample receipt; • 100% of E. coli actionable results ('outwith') were reported within 3 working days of onset of analysis; • 100% of E. coli non-actionable results were reported within 5 working days of onset of analysis; • Chemical contaminant report produced by end May 2018. The results of the monitoring programme are presented in each section of this report. In summary: • 254 samples breached the maximum permitted limits (MPL) for lipophilic toxins (OA/DTX/PTX group only) (see section 1.2); • 21 samples breached the MPL for PSP toxins (see section 1.3); • No sample breached the MPL for ASP toxins (see section 1.4); • Outwith E. coli results were reported in 6% of the 1,946 analyses undertaken (see Table 19 for details); • All chemical contaminants results were below the regulatory maximum limits (see section 3).

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cause harm to human health or hinder sustainable use of the marine environment in Blue Economy sectors. HABs are temporally and spatially variable and hence their mitigation is closely linked to effective early warning. The European Union (EU) Interreg Atlantic Area project "PRIMROSE", Predicting Risk and Impact of Harmful Events on the Aquaculture Sector, was focused on the joint development of HAB early warning systems in different regions along the European Atlantic Area. Advancement of the existing HAB forecasting systems requires development of forecasting tools, improvements in data flow and processing, but also additional data inputs to assess the distribution of HAB species, especially in areas away from national monitoring stations, usually located near aquaculture sites. In this contribution, we review different novel technologies for acquiring HAB data and report on the experience gained in several novel local data collection exercises performed during the project. Demonstrations include the deployment of autonomous imaging flow cytometry (IFC) sensors near two aquaculture areas: a mooring in the Daoulas estuary in the Bay of Brest and pumping from a bay in the Shetland Islands to an inland IFC; and several drone deployments, both of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and of Autonomous Surface vehicles (ASVs). Additionally, we have reviewed sampling approaches potentially relevant for HAB early warning including protocols for opportunistic water sampling by coastguard agencies. Experiences in the determination of marine biotoxins in non-traditional vectors and how they could complement standard routine HAB monitoring are also considered.

The lochs, voes and sheltered coastal waters of the Scottish west coast and Western and Northern islands provide ideal conditions for growing salmon in floating cages. The aquaculture industry creates jobs not only on farms but also in upstream and downstream activities such as producing fish feed, in logistical support, and in processing the fish. Nevertheless, its growth during recent decades has encountered economic, societal and environmental challenges, which are likely to increase as the industry expands from 163,000 tonnes in 2016 to about 200,000 tonnes in 2020, with the intention to produce up to 300,000 tonnes in 2030. In 2018 the Rural Economy and Connectivity Committee will be conducting an inquiry into salmon farming in Scotland. To feed into that inquiry the Environmental Climate Change and Land Reform Committee will be considering the current report. Briefing by Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) on salmon farming in Scotland will also inform both Committees work. This report specifically reviews the scientific evidence relating to the environmental effects of salmon farming. Where the evidence suggests that there are concerns about harm to marine ecosystems or protected species and habitats, possible mitigation measures are suggested.