Suchergebnisse

This paper uses 1998 household level data from urban Malawi to look at the impact on consumption patterns of the share of total household income accruing to different individuals within the household. Specifically, male and female income shares and other factors which may influence intra-household bargaining such as education are analyzed. The study finds that for some categories of good such as personal and household hygiene and clothing, unitary household models are unsuitable as intra-household relationships and differing preferences of individuals play a key role in consumption choices. Overall the results indicate that females favor household hygiene, vehicle repair and girls. clothing while males favor male clothing. Consumption choices are influenced by both the income and education of the main male and female members, and crucially, the impact of income shares on household consumption is non-linear.

This article uses rural Malawian data to study the long-run impact of two household shocks (sickness and death) and two community shocks (floods and drought) on household per capita consumption. Little work has been done in this area, but understanding these shocks and the extent to which households can insulate themselves against these shocks is important in understanding how households in developing countries remain in a poverty trap. Results indicate that drought and sickness have negative short-term effects on consumption level, but do not have significant long-run effects. This suggests that rural Malawian households are able to shield themselves from the persistent negative impacts of these shocks on consumption levels but are unable to self-insure against the short-run impact.

ON THE GROUNDS THAT WE HAVE 'INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS' TO DO SO, AND IN THE FACE OF STRONG RESISTANCE, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT IS INTRODUCING A FAR-REACHING ID SYSTEM

Discusses England's attempt to implement a national identity card system in response to terrorist attacks in London.

The mass collection of DNA is the latest in a litany of incursions into personal privacy and the United Kingdom has become the guinea pig for the burgeoning DNA industry. The UK Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 overrides earlier safeguards by mandating the indefinite storage of samples, notably those provided 'voluntarily', and extending access to these beyond police and other law enforcement agencies

Digital technologies - like video cameras, DNA profiling, satellite surveillance, police systems and credit reporting agencies to name but a few - have created the potential for invasions of privacy and rights on a scale that could scarcely have been imagined even 20 years ago - and the threat to everyone's privacy increases daily

This article contrasts the quality of security afforded by evolving community values in Latin America with the alleged virtues of security founded on nuclear deterrent postures between India and Pakistan in South Asia. A case is made for 'security through community' as a preferred basis for long-term regional security planning and some thoughts are offered on the means by which common security practices may be fostered in regions where the risks of nuclear conflict remain high. Important similarities between the conflictual history of Argentine–Brazilian relations and the current Indo-Pakistani nuclear stand-off suggest that it may be possible to learn substantively from the Latin American experience. In particular, analysis of the evolving Argentine–Brazilian relationship suggests that the cooperative security practices associated with regional security regimes such as Nuclear Free Zones can play a significant part in positively transforming security relations between otherwise mistrustful states.

The evolution of information technology is likely to result in intimate
interdependence between humans and technology. This fusion has been
characterized in popular science fiction as chip implantation. It is,
however, more likely to take the form of biometric identification using
such technologies as fingerprints, hand geometry and retina scanning.
Some applications of biometric identification technology are now
cost‐effective, reliable and highly accurate. As a result, biometric
systems are being developed in many countries for such purposes as
social security entitlement, payments, immigration control and election
management. Whether or not biometry delivers on its promise of
high‐quality identification, it will imperil individual autonomy.
Widespread application of the technologies would conflict with
contemporary values, and result in a class of outcasts.

News in Early Modern Europe presents new research on the nature, production, and dissemination of a variety of forms of news writing from across Europe during the early modern period. Readership: Postgraduate and undergraduate students, researchers, and academic libraries, from the fields of history and literature, with interests in early modern Europe, news, book history, literary forms, social history, and politics.

AbstractHappiness equations for Malawi are estimated using a new household survey. It is apparent that absolute consumption level is strongly associated with satisfaction. Both objective and subjective relative consumption in the neighbourhood is positively associated with satisfaction. Male satisfaction is associated strongly with relative consumption but female satisfaction is not. Separated or widowed females are less happy than males indicating a vulnerability that acts as a disincentive to leave husbands during marital problems. Polygamous females in traditional religions are less satisfied than other females whilst there is some evidence that male Muslims in polygamous relationships are more satisfied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.