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Using a multi-dimensional framework of governance, this paper analyzed the state of water governance in the Philippines from the legal, organizational, and operational perspectives at various governance levels. Data were taken from secondary sources and case studies done by the authors. Results showed that the many legal documents for water are a source of confusion; that water data for planning are inadequate; that there are numerous water agencies, these are not connected vertically nor horizontally; and, that these various institutions do not have sufficient human and financial resources and presence at the local level to be effective in their mandates. The authors recommend: 1) to review the legal and institutional framework for water; 2) to improve on planning and decision making mandates; and, 3) to study and implement more participatory models of water governance fitted to the Philippine context.

© 2018, University of the Philippines Los Banos. All rights reserved. Mount Banahaw, an active volcano and a watershed tn the municipality of Dolores, Quezon province, Philippines, is also a considered a sacred place. This study discussed the community outcomes arising from the conceptual dichotomy of perceptions of multi-use of water by formal organizations such as water districts for domestic use and by informal organizations such as the religious groups for the sacred or religious use of water from the sacred mountain; and the negotiations among these different actors and agents for water access. Results distilled lessons around the interlocking themes of water use and institutions in the access and allocation of water resources as water transits from non-consumptive use to use value. Polycentric water governance is necessary in the context of Mount Banahaw's cultural, social and economic realities.

Water governance at the micro watershed scale has not been popularly studied. However, as population increases and urbanization sets in, water conflicts may arise due to increased competition in use. This paper examines the various water governance roles of state and non-state actors within the watershed. While users make decisions and take actions that define the processes by which water is accessed and controlled, discussion and analysis of the interactions of key actor groups: households, farmers, enterprise, and local government were framed from the understanding of resources, mechanisms of access, and outcome. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews with specific actor groups (state and non-state) were conducted in the upstream and downstream villages of the Santa Cruz Watershed (SCW), Laguna, Philippines to generate the needed data. Results suggest that both state and non-state actors positioned themselves to support their respective interests. In times of water shortage, local governments at the village and the municipal levels coordinated and negotiated among themselves for access to water sources. The study concludes that within the watershed, water governance is polycentric and creates spaces for mutual cooperation among state and non-state actors, especially during times of water scarcity. The authors recommend, among others, that in areas where there are conflicts in water access and use, a polycentric approach can be considered to include both customary and formal rules in the water governance.