Suchergebnisse

Cet article propose un éclairage quantitatif sur les effets des prix des intrants et des produits sur les émissions françaises de gaz à effet de serre du secteur des terres (agriculture, forêt et autres usages des sols) à une résolution départementale. Des modèles à effets aléatoires et à erreurs spatiales sont estimés sous forme réduite pour quatre catégories d'émissions : usage d'engrais azotés synthétiques, gestion des effluents d'élevage, fermentation entérique (sur la période 1990-2007), usages des sols incluant les changements d'usage et la forêt (sur la période 1992-2003). Les principaux résultats sont : 1) les effets des prix sur les émissions sont significatifs, bien que leur signe et leur ampleur varient selon la catégorie d'émissions, 2) les effets estimés apparaissent plus nettement lorsque les catégories d'émissions sont analysées séparément plutôt que de manière agrégée, et 3) la dimension spatiale joue un rôle important. Les modèles estimés sont utilisés pour simuler les effets d'un doublement des prix des cultures sur les émissions du secteur des terres. Les résultats indiquent une augmentation de 11 % des émissions agricoles.

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 ...

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 EUR/tCO2eq, la réduction des émissions de GES varie de 25 à 35 % selon l'année de calibrage. Les résultats montrent également que la production actuelle de calories nettes provenant de l'alimentation peut être plus que doublée, tout en réduisant simultanément les émissions de GES de 10 à 15 %. La compatibilité entre une réduction des émissions de GES et une augmentation de la production de calories alimentaires repose sur des changements substantiels dans la production et l'alimentation animale, ce qui implique des variations importantes dans les prairies et les jachères. Ces effets sont contrastés entre les régions de l'UE.

International audience ; This study focuses on the links between food production and greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. The analysis relies on two sets of simulations of AROPAj, a supply-side model of EU agriculture: (i) a carbon price affecting agricultural GHG emissions (from 0 to 200 EUR/tCO2eq), and (ii) a lower limit on the net quantity of food calories provided by EU agriculture (200 to 450 Mt soft wheat equivalent). The model is calibrated on six annual datasets 2007–2012. The results show that a moderate increase in the price of carbon would lead to an increase in total areas and outputs of crops. Animal production decreases over the explored range of carbon price. At 200 EUR/tCO2eq, the reduction in GHG emissions ranges from 25 to 35% depending on the year of calibration. The results also show that current net calorie production from food can be more than doubled, while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions by 10–15%. The compatibility between a reduction in GHG emissions and an increase in food calorie production relies on substantial changes in animal production and feed, which implies significant variations in grassland and fallow land. These effects are contrasted between the regions of the EU. ; Cette étude se concentre sur les liens entre la production alimentaire et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l'Union européenne. L'analyse s'appuie sur deux séries de simulations d'AROPAj, un modèle de l'agriculture européenne axé sur l'offre : (i) un prix du carbone affectant les émissions de GES agricoles (de 0 à 200 EUR/tCO2eq), et (ii) une limite inférieure de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires fournies par l'agriculture de l'UE (200 à 450 Mt d'équivalent blé tendre). Le modèle est calibré sur six séries de données annuelles 2007-2012. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation modérée du prix du carbone entraînerait une augmentation des superficies totales et de la production des cultures. La production animale diminue dans la fourchette explorée du prix du carbone. À 200 EUR/tCO2eq, la réduction des émissions de GES varie de 25 à 35 % selon l'année de calibrage. Les résultats montrent également que la production actuelle de calories nettes provenant de l'alimentation peut être plus que doublée, tout en réduisant simultanément les émissions de GES de 10 à 15 %. La compatibilité entre une réduction des émissions de GES et une augmentation de la production de calories alimentaires repose sur des changements substantiels dans la production et l'alimentation animale, ce qui implique des variations importantes dans les prairies et les jachères. Ces effets sont contrastés entre les régions de l'UE.

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience ; We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule ...

International audience We assess the potential for increasing the net amount of food calories produced by French agriculture and the possible implications in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and agricultural area allocation. This analysis is based on an agricultural supply model for the European Union mainly with regard to arable crops, meadows, fodder crops, and the main animal products. The model calculates the variations in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions associated with the required level of production. Within the framework of a prospective approach carried out under the technical and economic conditions of the period 2007–2012, we calculate the extent of the changes in an agricultural production system, to which we assign the objective of increasing the net production of calories. In France, for an increase of 40 to 60% depending on the year, three-quarters of meadows would disappear, a large proportion of temporary meadows would switch to cereals, and fallows could exceed 20% of the total agricultural area. These changes would result from the sharp fall in livestock, especially of cattle for meat. The key factor in the analysis is animal feed, which, in addition to the decrease in grass consumption, would lead to a slight increase in fodder and cereals produced and consumed on the farm, and a sharp decrease of around 50% in the purchase of concentrated feeds. The reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is substantial, at least in terms of methane, and could exceed 30% of reference emissions in carbon dioxide equivalent. ; Nous évaluons le potentiel d'augmentation de la quantité nette de calories alimentaires produites par l'agriculture française et les implications possibles en termes d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de répartition des surfaces agricoles. Cette analyse est basée sur un modèle d'approvisionnement agricole pour l'Union européenne principalement en ce qui concerne les cultures arables, les prairies, les cultures fourragères et les principaux produits animaux. Le modèle calcule les ...

International audience ; Environmental policies often include exemptions for some firms, e.g. the small emitters. This paper explores the implications of such exemptions in the case of an emission tax, and in the presence of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) costs. We develop an analytical framework capturing the trade-off between the cost-effectiveness of a broader tax base, and the savings on MRV costs enabled by a partial coverage. Second-best partial coverage is defined by a threshold value of some characteristic of the firms below which firms are exempted. We characterize the optimal threshold and discuss its welfare implications. Since determining this threshold is demanding in terms of information regarding firm-level MRV and abatement costs, we show how limited knowledge about these costs at the aggregate level can be used in practice to approximate the optimal threshold. We apply this framework to assess the welfare implications of such an instrument in the case of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture. The findings indicate that exempting the small emitters may provide significant savings on MRV costs compared to the full coverage, while still incentivizing cost-effective reductions in emissions.

International audience ; Environmental policies often include exemptions for some firms, e.g. the small emitters. This paper explores the implications of such exemptions in the case of an emission tax, and in the presence of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) costs. We develop an analytical framework capturing the trade-off between the cost-effectiveness of a broader tax base, and the savings on MRV costs enabled by a partial coverage. Second-best partial coverage is defined by a threshold value of some characteristic of the firms below which firms are exempted. We characterize the optimal threshold and discuss its welfare implications. Since determining this threshold is demanding in terms of information regarding firm-level MRV and abatement costs, we show how limited knowledge about these costs at the aggregate level can be used in practice to approximate the optimal threshold. We apply this framework to assess the welfare implications of such an instrument in the case of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture. The findings indicate that exempting the small emitters may provide significant savings on MRV costs compared to the full coverage, while still incentivizing cost-effective reductions in emissions.

International audience ; Environmental policies often include exemptions for some firms, e.g. the small emitters. This paper explores the implications of such exemptions in the case of an emission tax, and in the presence of monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) costs. We develop an analytical framework capturing the trade-off between the cost-effectiveness of a broader tax base, and the savings on MRV costs enabled by a partial coverage. Second-best partial coverage is defined by a threshold value of some characteristic of the firms below which firms are exempted. We characterize the optimal threshold and discuss its welfare implications. Since determining this threshold is demanding in terms of information regarding firm-level MRV and abatement costs, we show how limited knowledge about these costs at the aggregate level can be used in practice to approximate the optimal threshold. We apply this framework to assess the welfare implications of such an instrument in the case of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture. The findings indicate that exempting the small emitters may provide significant savings on MRV costs compared to the full coverage, while still incentivizing cost-effective reductions in emissions.