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How do children's life course transitions affect the well‐being of their parents? Using a large panel survey among parents with longitudinal information on 2 randomly chosen children, the authors analyzed the effects of children's union formation, parenthood, and union dissolution on changes in depressive symptoms of parents. Negative effects were found for children's divorce, and positive effects were found for children's marriage and parenthood. Mothers suffered more from a child's divorce or separation than fathers. Effects depended in part on the parent's traditional family norms, pointing to a normative explanation of life course effects. Little evidence was found for explanations in terms of altruism or selfish motivations. In a more general sense, this article supports the notion of linked lives suggested by the life course perspective. This research provides stronger support for this notion than the few previous studies that have examined it.

Grade retention or enrolling in a lower track? . The relationship between social background and choices in secondary education for three cohorts of pupils .Research on educational careers consistently has found a negative effect of social background on grade retention. In the
present study, we make the argument that grade retention also can be seen as an attractive alternative for children in the higher tracks of secondary education when these turn out to be too demanding. Particularly highly educated parents might prefer grade retention above enrolling in a lower
track. We test this hypothesis by estimating social background effects on the choice between grade retention and enrolling in a lower track. Our analysis is based on three cohorts of pupils who made the transition from primary to secondary education in 1989, 1993 and 1999 respectively. Indeed,
when compared to a transition to a lower track, we find the expected positive effect of social background on grade retention. Surprisingly, the introduction of the unpopular pre-vocational secondary education (vmbo) in 1999 has not changed this effect.

Summary Education as a cleavage in the Dutch labour market, 1993-2011This article describes developments in the association between educational attainment and labour market outcomes in the Netherlands over the last 20 years. Education has remained a very
important asset on the labour market. The higher educated have higher participation rates and attain better jobs than the lower educated. The labour market participation rate has increased for all educational categories, and especially for women with low educational qualifications. The association
between educational attainment and unemployment has not changed over this period. We do observe that higher credentials have less value on the labour market with respect to occupational status than before, pointing to overschooling. Furthermore, we see that the permanent full-time job is on
the downhill. The relationships between educational qualifications and permanent or full-time jobs have not changed systematically over the two decades.

Children of homeowners are more likely to enter homeownership
than are children whose parents rent. We investigate whether this
association is dependent on parental divorce, focusing on parental
assistance as a conduit of intergenerational transmission. Event history
analyses of data for England and Wales from the British Household
Panel Survey (BHPS) show that the intergenerational transmission of
homeownership is stronger for children of divorced parents compared
with children of married parents. Such an eff ect may arise from two
channels: (1) children of divorced parents are more in need of parental
assistance due to socio-economic disadvantages associated with
parental divorce; and (2) compared with married parents, divorced
homeowning parents (mothers) rely more on housing wealth, rather
than fi nancial wealth, for assisting children. Findings support both
explanations. Children of divorced parents are furthermore less likely
to co-reside. We fi nd limited evidence that when they do, co-residence
is less conductive to homeownership compared with children from
married parents.

Focusing on longitudinal data about spousal working patterns in the Netherlands, the chapter examines social, cultural, & economic factors influencing the Dutch sexual division of labor, which largely persists despite the country's overall progressivism. Marriage & children continue to influence women's departure from the paid labor force; those who return generally opt for part-time employment. Data indicate that wives' labor force participation is most affected by accumulation (or not) of human capital based on prior work experience; religious attitudes (which skew toward traditional values); family life-cycle stage; & historical period (ie, pre- or post-1970). Conversely, husbands' labor characteristics seem limited to unemployment & income potential in influencing wives' work reentry decisions. 8 Tables, 24 References. K. Coddon