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Policy measures designed to bring about regional population redistribution through migration have been in operation in several European countries for over 25 years. Their effects are examined through longitudinal migration & population distribution patterns revealed by governmental statistics from the Netherlands (1950-1973) & GB (1960/61, 1965/66, & 1970/71). The main consequence of the policy measures appears to be enhanced control of the already declining rate of metropolitan population change, but not of the direction of migration or the emerging population redistribution patterns. 2 Tables. Modified HA.

POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION POLICY ALTERNATIVES ARE DESCRIBED BY EXAMINING THE APPROACHES OF THE NETHERLANDS, GREAT BRITAIN, & ISRAEL. THESE NATIONS WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY BECAUSE THEY HAVE PUBLIC POLICIES WHICH SEEK TO EFFECT POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION & BECAUSE THE BASIC APPROACHES TO REDISTRIBUTION IN THESE NATIONS ARE AMONG THE VIABLE ALTERNATIVES FOR US POLICY CONSIDERATION. THE ANALYSIS IS PURSUED BY MEANS OF THE FOLLOWING POLICY CATEGORIZATIONS: (1) INCENTIVE POLICIES DIRECTED TOWARD INDIVIDUALS & FAMILIES, (2) INCENTIVE POLICIES DIRECTED TOWARD EMPLOYMENT INSTITUTIONS (INDUSTRY, BUSINESS, & GOVERNMENT), & (3) DISINCENTIVE POLICIES DIRECTED TOWARD EMPLOYMENT INSTITUTIONS. THE RANGE OF POLICIES CONSIDERED INCLUDED MIGRATION SUBSIDY SCHEMES, NEW TOWNS DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL, ECONOMIC, & INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, INDUSTRIAL LOCATION CERTIFICATE POLICIES, DEVELOPMENT AREA TAX BENEFITS, COMMUNITY AMENITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS, A NEGATIVE INVESTMENT TAX, & POLICIES TO RELOCATE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES OR MINISTRIES. THE DISCUSSION FOCUSES ON THE EFFECTS OF THE POLICIES & GENERAL OBSERVATIONS APPLICABLE TO POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION POLICY CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE US. 1 FIGURE. AA.

AbstractThis research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision‐making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own‐future" versus alternative "household well‐being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender‐marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short‐term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.

Front Cover; Migration Decision Making:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries; Copyright Page; Table ofContents; List of Tablesand Figures; Preface; Chapter 1.Introduction and Overview; MAJOR THEMES; SOME COMMONALITIES IN MIGRATIONDECISION ANALYSIS; ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK; PART I:MULTIDISCIPLINARYFRAMEWORKS ANDMODELS OF MIGRATIONDECISION MAKING; Chapter 2.Motivations for Migration:An Assessment and a Value-; MOTIVATION IN MIGRATION DEFINITIONSAND TYPOLOGIES; MOTIVATION IN GENERALMIGRATION LITERATURE; A SYNTHESIS OF MOTIVES FOR MIGRATION

Objective. This study documents the magnitude of four types of underemployment experienced by both native‐born minority and ethnic immigrant male and female workers in the United States and tests a “double disadvantage” economic outcome hypothesis that minority workers tend to be channeled into secondary‐sector jobs and that immigrant workers face initial disadvantages in labor force assimilation. Method. Data for men and women aged 25‐64 who are in the labor force and not attending school were derived from the 1990 Census Bureau Public Use Microdata Sample. Multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to estimate the effect of minority group membership and immigrant status on the odds of unemployment, part‐time employment, working poverty, and job mismatch, relative to adequate employment. Results. Descriptive results showed greater overall underemployment among females than males. Blacks and Hispanics had higher unemployment and working‐poverty rates compared to non‐Hispanic whites and Asians, with job mismatch highest among Asians. Immigrant underemployment was greater than that of the native‐born. Asians posted the largest disparity in immigrant versus native‐born underemployment, and blacks had the smallest. Multivariate models showed that minority group effects were stronger than immigrant status effects in predicting underemployment. Increased likelihood of underemployment across the different minority groups versus non‐Hispanic white workers was not fully accounted for by the expected influences of human‐capital, demographic, industry, and occupational variables. Conclusion. The double disadvantage hypothesis of minority group and immigrant status is accepted only for Asian men and women with jobs mismatched to their skills and for Asian women, who are most likely to be unemployed or be among the working poor.

This study documents the magnitude of four types of underemployment experienced by both native-born minority & ethnic immigrant male & female workers in the US & tests a 'double disadvantage' economic outcome hypothesis that minority workers tend to be channeled into secondary-sector jobs & that immigrant workers face initial disadvantages in labor force assimilation. Data for men & women aged 25-64 who are in the labor force & not attending school were derived from the 1990 Census Bureau Public Use Microdata Sample. Multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to estimate the effect of minority group membership & immigrant status on the odds of unemployment, part-time employment, working poverty, & job mismatch, relative to adequate employment. Descriptive results showed greater overall underemployment among females than males. Blacks & Hispanics had higher unemployment & working-poverty rates compared to non-Hispanic Whites & Asians, with job mismatch highest among Asians. Immigrant underemployment was greater than that of the native-born. Asians posted the largest disparity in immigrant vs native-born underemployment, & Blacks had the smallest. Multivariate models showed that minority group effects were stronger than immigrant status effects in predicting underemployment. Increased likelihood of underemployment across the different minority groups vs non-Hispanic White workers was not fully accounted for by the expected influences of human-capital, demographic, industry, & occupational variables. It was concluded that the double disadvantage hypothesis of minority group & immigrant status is accepted only for Asian men & women with jobs mismatched to their skills & for Asian women, who are most likely to be unemployed or be among the working poor. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 39 References. Adapted from the source document.