Suchergebnisse

Civil society actors have always been crucial players in the development of welfare systems. Far before the appearance of the welfare state, the provision of services to those in need was the domain of charities and guilds, and later on of the mutual aid organizations related to the labour movement. To-gether with providing services, civil society actors have exerted political pressure on the state, demanding an enlargement of social rights or challenging the principles of public intervention. Such a relevant role became even more pivotal after the '70s, when the welfare mix model paved the way for the entrance of third sector organizations into public service provision and governance processes. Within this scenario, this article aims to develop a historically-based conceptual framework, through which the huge heterogeneity of civil society actors and functions can be analyzed. The possibility of performing several roles represents an opportunity for civil society actors, but at the same times engenders contradictions and trade-offs for social movements and the third sector.

L'obiettivo di questo contributo è esaminare se e come si è modificata negli ultimi decenni la posizione dei giovani nel mercato del lavoro italiano. A partire dall'esame di alcuni indicatori generali e dalle risultanze delle più rilevanti indagini empiriche, l'analisi si è focalizzata sui più importanti nodi critici che ormai da alcuni decenni rendono il mercato del lavoro italiano un luogo decisamente poco accogliente per i giovani. Innanzitutto, l'attenzione si concentrerŕ sulle cosiddette barriere all'ingresso e sulla durevole presenza, tra le giovani generazioni, di preoccupanti aree di inattivitŕ. In secondo luogo, sarŕ evidenziata la persistente differenza tra giovani uomini e giovani donne, nonché il resistente divario territoriale presente nel nostro paese. Infine, sarŕ presa in esame la forte concentrazione fra i giovani delle forme di lavoro atipiche introdotte a partire dalla seconda metŕ degli anni Novanta e il ruolo ancora determinante della famiglia per affrontare la fase di transizione al lavoro. Se ne deduce che i meccanismi di funzionamento del mercato del lavoro italiano, con le sue differenziazioni territoriali e il forte dualismo generazionale e di genere, non possono risolvere, senza importanti e mirati interventi esterni, il problematico rapporto tra i giovani e il lavoro nel nostro paese.

Dans cet article, il s'agit d'interroger la relation au travail de jeunes sans diplôme, étudiants d'un centre de formation professionnelle de Bologne, dans la région italienne de l'Émilie-Romagne. Dans une première partie, les auteurs présentent la situation des jeunes sur le marché du travail italien et leurs difficultés en revenant brièvement sur la progression des dispositifs normatifs qui favorisent le mélange entre formation et emploi comme les stages et, plus généralement, de l'alternance. Dans une deuxième partie, à l'aide de données recueillies dans une recherche de terrain en cours, ils décrivent les dimensions saillantes du rapport au travail des jeunes interrogés.

This paper examines the age at retirement for men and women in Italy. Despite the expansion of women's educational attainments, they still display lower employment rates, are frequently engaged in involuntary part-time jobs and have more fragmented careers. As a consequence, the mean age at which women receive a pension is higher than that of men. Using Labour Force Survey (2006 and 2012), the authors test the hypothesis that women's higher age at retirement is determined by a selection bias towards more educated and work oriented women. A Heckman selection model has been developed. Results show that the main disadvantage is suffered by women with medium and low levels of education who show the highest estimated age at retirement, whereas higher educated women retire on average before men with the same level of education. The authors argue that pension policies, without interventions in the field of work-life balance policies, end up penalizing women with lower levels of education.

Drawing from the findings of the European project 'Partispace', this chapter analyses three solidarity initiatives promoted by youth leftist groups in Bologna (Italy). Materials were collected through an ethnographic study that included in-depth interviews with young activists. This material highlights the connections between the initiatives of these groups, their objectives and practices, in the context of the global financial crisis as experienced in Italy. The analysis shows that these initiatives, while seeking to mitigate the problems faced by vulnerable groups (i.e. migrants, refugees, and the homeless), were also fuelled by practices of self-help aimed at responding to the unheeded 'generational needs' of the young people themselves. The projects emerge as 'laboratories of political resistance' where strategies for collective action based on mutual help and self-empowerment are experimented with and enacted.