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Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Metalliferous Mining Pollution and Its Impact on Terrestrial and Semi-terrestrial Vertebrates: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geographical and Temporary Distribution and Operational Status -- 3.2 Main Metal Ore -- 3.3 Sentinel Species -- 3.4 Biomarkers -- 3.4.1 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 3.4.2 Biomarkers of Effect -- Biochemical and Hematological Biomarkers -- Genotoxic Parameters -- Health Status at Individual Level -- Population and Community Level Biomarkers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Fluorotelomer Alcohols´ Toxicology Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metabolism of FTOHs -- 2.1 Metabolic Pathways and Toxicokinetics -- 2.2 Metabolising Enzymes -- 3 Toxicity -- 4 Toxicity Induced by Oxidative Stress -- 4.1 Generation of Oxidative Stress and ROS -- 4.2 Oxidative Damage -- 4.2.1 Damage to DNA -- 4.2.2 Damage to Lipids -- 4.3 Alterations in Antioxidant Status -- 4.4 Cell Signalling -- 5 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origins and Utilisation of Perchlorate -- 2.1 Natural Origin -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Origin -- 3 Environmental and Health Effects -- 3.1 Health Effects on Humans -- 3.2 Effects on Biota -- 4 Technologies for Perchlorate Treatment -- 4.1 Physicochemical Methods -- 4.1.1 Membrane-Based Technologies -- 4.1.2 Ion Exchange -- 4.1.3 Chemical Reduction -- 4.1.4 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4.1.5 Activated Carbon -- 4.2 Biological Treatment of Perchlorate -- 4.2.1 Types of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.2 Habitats of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.3 Environmental Requirements for Bacterial Degradation of Perchlorate.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Review on Health Impacts from Domestic Coal Burning: Emphasis on Endemic Fluorosis in Guizhou Province, Southwest China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Endemic Fluorosis in Guizhou Province -- 2.1 Origin of the Health Issue -- 2.2 Epidemiological Data -- 2.3 Possible Exposure Routes -- 2.3.1 Drinking Water -- 2.3.2 Foodstuffs -- 2.3.3 Other Exposure Routes -- 2.4 Possible Sources of Fluorine -- 2.4.1 Fluorine in Soil -- 2.4.2 Fluorine in Coal -- 2.4.3 Fluorine in Clay -- 2.5 Real Culprit of the Endemic Fluorosis in Guizhou Province -- 2.6 Control of the Endemic Fluorosis in Guizhou Province -- 3 Other Health Problems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Dissipation, Fate, and Toxicity of Crop Protection Chemical Safeners in Aquatic Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Leaching -- 4 Sorption -- 5 Volatilization -- 6 Photolysis -- 7 Chemical Reduction and Nucleophilic Substitution -- 8 Biological Degradation -- 9 Toxicity -- 10 Conclusion -- 11 Methods for Laboratory Studies -- References -- Do Endemic Soil Fauna Species Deserve Extra Protection for Adverse Heavy Metal Conditions? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Various Forms and Descriptions of Endemism -- 3 Where Are Endemic Species Found and Do They Occur in Metalliferous Areas? -- 4 Do Endemic Species Show a Higher or Lower Sensitivity for Adverse Environmental Factors? -- 5 Extra Protection for Endemic Species by Adapted Risk Assessment Procedures -- 6 Further Actions -- References -- Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies - A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Toxic Effects of AFM1 -- 3 AFM1 in Milk and Dairy Products -- 3.1 North Africa -- 3.2 East Africa -- 3.3 West Africa -- 3.4 Central Africa -- 3.5 Southern Africa -- 4 AFM1 in Human Biological Fluids: Breast Milk, Serum, and Urine.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Microplastics in the Food Chain: Food Safety and Environmental Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plastic Material -- 2.1 Top 5 Plastics Found in Waste -- 2.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 2.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) -- 2.1.3 Polyphthalamide (PPA) -- 2.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 2.1.5 Polyethylene (PE) -- 3 Degradation of Plastic Polymers -- 3.1 Biodegradable Plastic -- 4 Plastic Waste Disposal -- 4.1 Burying in Landfill -- 4.2 Incineration -- 4.3 Recycling -- 5 EU Legislation Regarding Plastic Waste -- 5.1 Circular Economy Action Plan -- 5.1.1 Make Recycling Profitable for Business -- 5.1.2 Curb Plastic Waste -- 5.1.3 Stop Littering at Sea -- 5.1.4 Drive Investment and Innovation -- 5.1.5 Spur Change Across the World -- 6 Environmental Aspects -- 6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem -- 6.2 Marine Ecosystem -- 6.3 Freshwater Ecosystem -- 6.4 Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms of Commercial Interest -- 7 Food Safety Aspects -- 7.1 Adverse Effects -- 7.2 Potential Effects on Humans -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Toxicity of Graphene: An Update -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiochemical Properties Determine the Fate and the Toxicity of Graphene -- 3 In Vitro Toxicity -- 4 In Vivo Toxicity -- 5 Simulation Studies on Graphene Toxicity -- 6 Environmental Toxicity -- 7 Toxicity Is Beneficial in the Context of Cancer and Microbiology! -- 8 How to Reduce the Toxicity? -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chironomids as Bioindicator Species in Aquatic Ecosystem -- 3 Molecular Genetic Research on Environmental Stress in Chironomids -- 3.1 Gene Responses to Physical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.1.1 Heat Shock -- 3.1.2 Temperature.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Trends and Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Sediments from 1970 to 2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Trend Assessment -- 2.3 Source Apportionment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Trends of Heavy Metal Pollution in River Sediments -- 3.2 Trends of Heavy Metal Pollution in Lake Sediments -- 3.3 Sources of Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution Over Time -- 3.4 Sources of Sediment Heavy Metal Pollution by Continent -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Trends in Heavy Metal Pollution of River and Lake Sediments -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments by Continents -- 4.3 Source of Heavy Metal Pollution in River and Lake Sediments -- 4.4 Control Measures for Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- A Review on Prediction Models for Pesticide Use, Transmission, and Its Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Models for Prediction -- 2.1 Prediction Based on Regression Models -- 2.1.1 Univariate Models -- 2.1.2 Multivariate Models -- 2.2 Prediction Using Non-linear Models -- 2.3 Performance Metrics for Prediction Models -- 3 Prediction Models for Agriculture -- 3.1 Prediction Models for Pesticide Usage -- 3.1.1 Prediction of Climatic Indices -- 3.1.2 Prediction of Occurrence of Pests and Crop Diseases -- 3.1.3 Prediction of Quantity and Methodology of Pesticide Application -- 3.2 Prediction Models for Pesticide Residue in the Environment -- 3.3 Prediction Models for Human Health Disorders Due to Pesticide Exposure -- 3.4 Prediction Models for Antimicrobial Resistance Due to Pesticides -- 4 Modeling Strategies -- 4.1 Pesticide Simulation Models -- 4.2 Machine Learning-Based Models -- 4.3 Experimental Study -- 5 Mission Ahead -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Trends and Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Water from 1970 to 2017 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Trend Assessment -- 2.3 Health Risk Assessment -- 2.4 Source Apportionment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Trends of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Water -- 3.2 Human Health Risks of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Water -- 3.3 Sources of Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Water -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Summary -- References -- Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Comprehensive Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physicochemical Properties of PAHs -- 3 Sources of PAHs -- 3.1 Pyrogenic Sources -- 3.2 Petrogenic Sources -- 3.3 Diagenetic and Biogenic Sources -- 4 Fate of PAHs in Aerobic Environments -- 5 Onset of Anoxia and Nature of Anoxic Environment -- 6 Persistence of PAHs Under Anaerobic Conditions -- 7 Feasibility of Anaerobic Biodegradation of PAHs -- 8 PAHs Biodegradation Under Nitrate-Reducing Conditions -- 8.1 PAHs Degradation by Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria -- 8.2 PAHs Biodegradation and Nitrate Consumption -- 8.3 Enhanced PAHs Biodegradation by Nitrate Amendment -- 9 PAHs Biodegradation Under Iron-Reducing Conditions -- 10 PAHs Biodegradation Under Sulfate-Reducing Conditions -- 10.1 PAHs Degradation by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria -- 10.2 Enhanced PAHs Biodegradation by Sulfate Amendment -- 11 PAHs Biodegradation Under Methanogenic Conditions -- 12 Anaerobic PAHs Degradation by Pure Cultures of Bacteria -- 13 Effects of PAHs Contamination on Anaerobic Microbial Community -- 14 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Biodegradation of PAHs -- 14.1 Influence of Structural Complexity of PAHs on Biodegradability -- 14.2 Effect of Prior Exposure to PAHs.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- How to Adapt Chemical Risk Assessment for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction Related to the Water System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Assessment -- 2.1 Chemicals Involved and Analytical Methods -- 2.2 Concentrations and Loads in UOandG-Related Waters -- 2.3 Monitoring and Recommendations -- 3 Assessment of Hazardous Properties of the Chemicals -- 4 Exposure -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- 5.1 Reducing Risk by Adequate Wastewater Management and Technological Innovation -- 5.2 Identified Knowledge Gaps and Uncertainties -- 5.3 Implications for Risk Assessment and Legislation -- 5.4 Conclusions and Way Forward -- 6 Summary -- References -- A Review of the Chemistry, Pesticide Use, and Environmental Fate of Sulfur Dioxide, as Used in California -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical and Chemical Properties -- 3 Use Profile -- 4 Environmental Fate and Degradation -- 4.1 Environmental Fate and Degradation in Air -- 4.1.1 Oxidation: Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase -- 4.1.2 Oxidation: Homogeneous Gas-Phase -- 4.1.3 Oxidation: Heterogeneous Gas-Solid Phase -- 4.1.4 Volatilization and Inhalation Toxicity -- 4.1.5 Wet and Dry Deposition -- 4.2 Environmental Fate and Degradation in Soil -- 4.2.1 Biodegradation -- 4.3 Environmental Fate and Degradation in Water -- 4.3.1 Aquatic Organisms -- 5 Impacts to Vegetation and Crops -- 6 Impacts to Man-Made Materials -- 7 Persistence -- 8 Environmental Monitoring -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- A Nondestructive Method to Identify POP Contamination Sources in Omnivorous Seabirds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Reflection of Internal and Environmental Contaminant Concentrations in Feathers -- 3 Identification of the Source of Contamination Based on the POP Concentrations in Feathers.

Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Influenced by the Properties of the Root Growth Environment Affected by Other Co-Stressors: A ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanisms of Aluminium Toxicity -- 3 Morphological Changes in Roots -- 4 Aluminium and Channel Interactions -- 5 Aluminium-Induced Changes at the Cell Wall -- 6 DNA Damage Under Aluminium -- 7 Plant Mechanisms of Al Tolerance -- 7.1 External Mechanisms -- 7.2 Internal Mechanisms -- 8 Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Affected by Soil Environment Properties -- 8.1 Aluminium and Drought Interaction -- 8.2 Aluminium and Oxidative Stress -- 8.3 Aluminium Interaction with Heavy Metals -- 8.4 Aluminium Interaction with Soil Nutrients -- 8.5 Aluminium and Nitrogen Interaction -- 8.6 Aluminium and Calcium Interaction -- 8.7 Aluminium and Magnesium Interaction -- 8.8 Aluminium and Phosphorus Interaction -- 8.9 Aluminium and Silicon Interaction -- 8.10 Aluminium and Boron Interaction -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- ARSENIC: A Review on Exposure Pathways, Accumulation, Mobility and Transmission into the Human Food Chain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pathways of Exposure -- 3 Transmission and Mobility of Arsenic in Environment -- 4 Transfer from Soil-Water to Plants -- 5 Arsenic in Plants -- 6 Arsenic in Rice and Effect of Processing -- 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Modelling the Release, Transport and Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment - A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Overviews and Critical Publications -- 3 Small-Scale Modelling -- 3.1 Population Balance Models -- 3.2 Mass Concentrations -- 3.3 Dissolution -- 3.4 Chemical and Physical Reactivity -- 3.5 DLVO Theory -- 3.6 Particle Dynamics -- 4 Intermediate Scale: Environmental and Technical Compartments -- 4.1 Groundwater and Soil -- 4.2 Surface Waters

Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abundance of PAHs in SAR -- 2.1 Atmospheric Levels -- 2.2 Water Bodies -- 2.3 Soil/Sediments -- 2.4 Biota -- 3 Regional Comparison -- 3.1 Atmospheric PAHs -- 3.2 Region Abundance of PAHs in the Water Bodies -- 3.3 Soil/Dust/Sediments -- 4 Source Apportionment Techniques -- 5 Ecological Risk Assessment -- 6 Conclusions -- References

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Benthic Ecology -- 3 Ecosystem Functions and Services Provided by Benthic Organisms -- 3.1 Dealing with Vulnerable Key Species -- 4 Specific Protection Goals for Sediment Risk Assessment -- 5 Triggers for Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6 Data Requirements for Effect Assessment -- 6.1 Toxicity Data Requirements in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6.2 Main Differences Between Existing OECD, ASTM and US-EPA Guidelines -- 6.3 Recommendation for a Suite of Benthic Test Species -- 7 Factors Affecting the Exposure of Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 7.1 Chemical Factors -- 7.2 Biological Factors -- 7.3 Spatial Factors -- 7.4 Temporal Factors -- 8 Exposure Concentration in Sediment ERA -- 8.1 The Ecotoxicologically Relevant Concentration for Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 8.2 Overview of Fate and Exposure Models -- 8.3 Linking Exposure to Effects in Sediment ERA -- 9 Tiered Effect Assessment for Benthic Test Species and Spiked Sediments -- 9.1 Tiered Approach -- 9.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 9.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment Based on Protocol Tests for Benthic Invertebrates and Macrophytes -- 9.4 Tier-2 Approach on Basis of Laboratory Toxicity Data for Standard and Additional Benthic Invertebrates and/or Rooted Macro... -- 9.4.1 Geometric Mean Approach -- 9.4.2 Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Approach -- 9.5 Tier-3 Approach Based on Semi-Field Experiments -- 9.6 Tier-4 Approach Based on Field Studies -- 9.7 Effect Models to Supplement the Experimental Tiers -- 9.7.1 Individual Level Models -- 9.7.2 Population-Level Models -- 9.7.3 Ecosystem Level Models.

Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Priority Substances and Emerging Organic Pollutants in Portuguese Aquatic Environment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Waters -- 2.1 Industrial Compounds -- 2.2 Natural and Synthetic Estrogens -- 2.3 Phytoestrogens and Phytosterols -- 2.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.5 Pesticides -- 2.6 Portuguese vs European Surface Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 3 Groundwater and Drinking Waters -- 3.1 Pesticides -- 3.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.3 Portuguese vs European Groundwater and Drinking Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides succinct, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant accomplishments in xenobiotics as well as those in need of study. The text also explores the toxicological implications involved.