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Vol 1. Ecological dimensions. - 2012. - xix,424 S. : Tab., Lit.Hinw., Reg. - ISBN 978-1-4419-0632-8 ; 978-1-4419-0633-5

This first report by the FABLE Consortium presents preliminary pathways towards sustainable land-use and food systems prepared by the 18 country teams from developed and developing countries, including the European Union. The aim of these pathways is to determine and demonstrate the technical feasibility of making land-use and food systems sustainable in each country. They can also inform mid-century low-emission development strategies under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. FABLE country teams have aimed for consistency with the SDGs and the Paris Agreement objectives. At this early stage, not all target dimensions have been considered. The report does not discuss policy options for transforming these systems, their implementation, or associated costs and economic benefits. These critical issues will be addressed in the global report by the Food and Land-Use Coalition, which will be published in September 2019 ahead of the Climate Summit convened by UN Secretary-General António Guterres.

Adequate nutrition lies at the heart of the fight against hunger and poverty (Sanchez et al. 2005). Great strides in reducing hunger through increases in agricultural productivity have been made worldwide; however, more than 900 million of people remain chronically underfed, i.e. do not have access to continuously meet dietary requirements (FAO 2008). It has long been known that malnutrition undermines economic growth and perpetuates poverty (World Bank 2006). Healthy individuals contribute to higher individual and country productivity, lower health care costs, and greater economic output by improving physical work capacity, cognitive development, school performance, and health (Grosse and Roy 2008). Unrelenting malnutrition is contributing not only to widespread failure to halve poverty and hunger, the first of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG), but if not appropriately eradicated, many of the other MDGs such as reducing maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, universal education, and gender equity will be difficult to achieve (World Bank 2006). Yet the international community and most governments in developing countries continue to struggle in tackling malnutrition in all its complexity.

This second volume of this series, "Integrating Ecology into Global Poverty Reduction Efforts: Opportunities and Solutions", builds upon the first volume, "Integrating Ecology into Global Poverty Reduction Efforts: The ecological dimensions to poverty", by exploring the way in which ecological science and tools can be applied to address major development challenges associated with rural poverty. In volume 2, we explore how ecological principles and practices can be integrated, conceptually and practically, into social, economic, and political norms and processes to positive

Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction offers a timely assessment of the current and potential role of ecological science and tools for contributing to poverty reduction. The chapters in the first volume, Ecological Dimensions, address the ecological aspects of major development challenges and the contributions of ecological science to solving these problems. In the second volume, Application of Ecology in Development Solutions, authors address the roles and limitations of ecological science in creating longterm sustainable solutions to some of those problems and the social, economic and governance factors that mediate the implementation of these solutions. Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction is designed to illustrate the opportunities for ecological science to contribute to international development challenges and solutions; to foster new ways of thinking about the relationships between humans and the ecosystems in which they live; and to explore the tradeoffs and advantages in using an ecological approach to addressing poverty in a world of increasing population, high rates of poverty and continued ecological degradation. The issues addressed and explored by experts in ecology and international development fields will be especially relevant for students and professionals interested in the intersection of poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. About the Editors J. Carter Ingram is the lead of the Ecosystem Services and Payments for Ecosystem Services group at the Wildlife Conservation Society in New York, NY. Fabrice DeClerck is a professor of community and landscape ecology at CATIE in Costa Rica. Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio is an Associate Director at the Rockefeller Foundation in New York, NY.

This document contains the draft Chapter 2 NCP of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7 had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, would be reflected in the final Chapters. IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copyediting.

Tropical ecosystem conversion to agriculture has caused widespread habitat loss and created fragmented landscapes composed of remnant forest patches embedded in a matrix of agricultural land uses. Non- traditional agricultural export (NTAE) crops such as pineapple are rapidly replacing multiuse landscapes characterized by a diverse matrix of pasture and smallholder crops with intensive, large-scale, monoculture plantations. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we conduct a case study to examine the coupled social and ecological implications of LUCC and agricultural intensification in this region, with larger application to regions experiencing similar patterns. Guided by frameworks from both political and landscape ecology, we: (1) describe the social and economic implications of pineapple expansion, specifically the concentration of land, labor and financial resources, (2) quantify pineapple cultivation's spatial characteristics, and (3) assess the effects of pineapple expansion on surrounding forest ecosystems, on the agricultural matrix and on biodiversity conservation. Our results indicate that pineapple production concentrates land, labor, and financial resources, which has a homogenizing effect on the agricultural economy in the study region. This constrains farm-based livelihoods, with larger implications for food security and agricultural diversity. Landscape ecology analyses further reveal how pineapple production simplifies and homogenizes the agricultural matrix between forest patches, which is likely to have a negative effect on biodiversity. To offset the effects of pineapple expansion on social and environmental systems, we recommend developing landscape level land use planning capacity. Furthermore, agricultural and conservation policy reform is needed to promote landscape heterogeneity and economic diversity within the agricultural sector. Our interdisciplinary research provides a detailed examination of the social and ecological impacts of agricultural intensification in a tropical landscape, and offers recommendations for improvement relevant not only to our study region but to the many other tropical landscapes currently undergoing non-traditional agricultural export driven agricultural intensification.

Conversion of tropical ecosystems to agriculture over the past century has created patchwork landscapes of agriculture and remnant forest where stakeholders struggle to balance production and conservation. Recently, agricultural intensification in these landscapes has been replacing heterogeneous mixtures of smallholder crops with intensive, large-scale monoculture plantations of export crops such as oil palm, soybeans, and pineapple. We develop an interdisciplinary approach to examine the coupled social and ecological implications of this process in an agricultural landscape in Costa Rica, with broader application to regions experiencing similar patterns of intensification. We hypothesize that the spread of intensive monoculture pineapple plantations is driving demographic and economic change in local communities, affecting the structure and function of remnant forest, and contributing to the decoupling of social and ecological resilience. To test these hypotheses, we develop a conceptual model linking social and ecological systems, and identify qualitative and quantitative measures to characterize the strength and resilience of these links. We employ methods from political and landscape ecology to collect empirical field data for each measure, and integrate these data to: (1) describe social and economic implications of pineapple expansion, (2) quantify the spatial characteristics of pineapple cultivation, (3) assess the effects of pineapple expansion on biodiversity conservation. Findings are presented back to stakeholders in a series of workshops to strengthen the weak but critical feedback from ecological to social systems. This research answers the urgent call to develop interdisciplinary approaches to understand the complex patterns and processes that drive coupled social and ecological systems. (Texte intégral)