Suchergebnisse

European Union (EU-28) needs to import about 40 million tons of soybean (seed equivalent.year-1) to feed livestock and population to a lesser extent. Since a few years, soybean production in Europe bas largely încreased but remains still insufficient. In a context of climate change, southem areas tend to face more drought and heat waves while northem ones will benefit from higher temperatures in late season. Three other cropping strategies could be considered to grow soybean under these conditions: early sowing to escape drought, north\vard expansion of the crop, or double cropping. This witl change decply the photoperiod and temperature conditions during the crop season. As soybean is a tropical short-day plant, it is important to understand the temperature-photoperiod interactions on phenology for current genotypes gro\vn in Europe (under long daylengths and contrasted temperatures). For that, a study was conducted in INRA Toulouse (SVl France), combining fine phenotyping on an outdoor platform and in controlled conditions. In 2017, two experiments were carried out using 10 contrasted genotypes from maturity groups 000 to II : 1-A pot experiment on the Heliaphen platform in natural climatic conditions \.vhere germinated plants were transplanted at 6 dates (17-march, 6-april, 16-may, 26-june, 24-july, lst-september). Pots were fully fertilized and irrigated during ail the experiment. Development stages \Vere recorded once or twice a week (BBCH scale). 2- A germination experiment in cold chamber/incubator. 1 OO seeds by genotype were incubated at 10 temperatures (from 4 to 43°C) in Petri dishes on moist paper. The germinating seeds were counted tv-iice a day. Gennination results were used to calculate the base temperature of each genotype (Tb from 4.6 to 6.7°C). This information was essential for the relevant calculation of the onset of each development stage and the duration of phases expressed in growing degree days (GDD). For most stages, ANOVA analysis pointed out a highly significant effect of genotype by planting date interaction on GDD accumulation. The results showed that GDD accumulation from cotyledon stage to maturity (BBCI! stage 10 to 80) was impacted more by planting date (cv ~ 16%, p < 0,001) than by genotype (cv ~ 10 %, p < 0,001). In addition, the difference across genotypes steadily decreased when daylenght \Vas reduced by later sowing dates (from 14.5 to 12.5 h). These results will be used first to calibrate phenological models then different crop gro\vth models, These models will be necessary to test a wider range of "genotype x environment x management" combinations with the perspective of designing suitable cropping areas and ideotypes for soybean in France and Europe.

Climate-smart cropping systems should be designed with three objectives: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, adapting to changing and fluctuating climate and environment, and securing food production sustainably. Agriculture can improve the net GHG emissions balance via three levers: less N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions, more carbon storage, and green energy production (agrifuels, biogas). Reducing the application of mineral N fertilizer is the main option for reducing N2O emissions either directly or by increasing the proportion of legumes in the rotation. The most promising options for mitigating CH4 emissions in paddy fields are based on mid-season drainage or intermittent irrigation. The second option is storing more carbon in soil and biomass by promoting no-tillage (less fuel, crop residues), sowing cover crops, introducing or maintaining grasslands and promoting agroforestry. Breeding for varieties better adapted to thermal shocks and drought is mainly suggested as long-term adaptation to climate change. Short-term strategies have been identified from current practices to take advantage of more favorable growing conditions or to offset negative impacts: shifting sowing dates, changing species, cultivars and crop rotations, modifying soil management and fertilization, introducing or expanding irrigation. Some crops could also move to more suitable locations. Model-based tools and site-specific technologies should be developed to optimize, support and secure farmer's decisions in a context of uncertainty and hazards. Most of the adaptation and mitigation options are going in the same way but trade-offs will have to be addressed (e.g. increasing the part of legumes will be possible only with significant breeding efforts). This will be a challenge for designing cropping systems in a multifunctional perspective.

This book gathers review articles that analyze current agricultural issues and knowledge, then propose alternative solutions. It will therefore help all scientists, decision-makers, professors, farmers and politicians who wish to build a safe agriculture, energy and food system for future generations

International audience ; European Union (EU-28) needs to import about 40 million tons of soybean (seed equivalent.year-1) to feed livestock and population to a lesser extent. Since a few years, soybean production in Europe bas largely încreased but remains still insufficient. In a context of climate change, southem areas tend to face more drought and heat waves while northem ones will benefit from higher temperatures in late season. Three other cropping strategies could be considered to grow soybean under these conditions: early sowing to escape drought, north\vard expansion of the crop, or double cropping. This witl change decply the photoperiod and temperature conditions during the crop season. As soybean is a tropical short-day plant, it is important to understand the temperature-photoperiod interactions on phenology for current genotypes gro\vn in Europe (under long daylengths and contrasted temperatures). For that, a study was conducted in INRA Toulouse (SVl France), combining fine phenotyping on an outdoor platform and in controlled conditions. In 2017, two experiments were carried out using 10 contrasted genotypes from maturity groups 000 to II : 1-A pot experiment on the Heliaphen platform in natural climatic conditions \.vhere germinated plants were transplanted at 6 dates (17-march, 6-april, 16-may, 26-june, 24-july, lst-september). Pots were fully fertilized and irrigated during ail the experiment. Development stages \Vere recorded once or twice a week (BBCH scale). 2- A germination experiment in cold chamber/incubator. 1 OO seeds by genotype were incubated at 10 temperatures (from 4 to 43°C) in Petri dishes on moist paper. The germinating seeds were counted tv-iice a day. Gennination results were used to calculate the base temperature of each genotype (Tb from 4.6 to 6.7°C). This information was essential for the relevant calculation of the onset of each development stage and the duration of phases expressed in growing degree days (GDD). For most stages, ANOVA analysis pointed out a highly ...

International audience ; Climate change and the recent financial crisis clearly show that humans have entered the anthropocene, an unprecedented era of fast and possibly dangerous changes. Unprecedented changes call for unprecedented thinking. Indeed, agriculture research has been too long driven solely by the need for higher yields using classical agrosciences, whatever adverse ecological effects. Agricultural research needs the input of other sciences such as ecological, economic, social and political sciences. Those uncommon sciences emerge in agricultural research since few decades, but there is actually no precise trends and data on the speed of emergence of specific topics. Therefore, here we report: 1) an analysis of the emergence of topics in the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development, and 2) a review of selected articles published in 2009. First, to analyse topic emergence we studied three data sets: most-cited articles from 1999 to 2009, topic hits in article text from 1999 to 2009, and most downloaded articles in 2009. We found the following major points. Most-cited articles show that transgenic plants and biofuels are clearly emerging topics since 2007 whereas soil carbon and climate change are the major mainstream topics of the last 10 years. Topic hits analysis allows to rank topics by mean emergence date, e.g. 2008.3 for 'genetically modified' and 2005.3 for 'irrigation'. Accordingly the 10 most emerging topics over 1999-2009 are biofuels, genetically modified, conservation agriculture, urban agriculture, sociology, organic farming, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation, mulch, and biodiversity. Analysis of most downloaded articles in 2009 show the predominance of topics such as carbon, climate, biodiversity, biofuels, pollutants, beneficial microbes, transgenic plants, and organic farming. Second, we reviewed selected articles published in 2009 with emphasis on emerging topics. We find that sociology is clearly bringing novel and unexpected findings to design sustainable agriculture. ...

Climate change and the recent financial crisis clearly show that humans have entered the anthropocene, an unprecedented era of fast and possibly dangerous changes. Unprecedented changes call for unprecedented thinking. Indeed, agricultural research has been for too long driven solely by the need for higher yields using classical agrosciences, whatever the adverse ecological effects. Agricultural research needs the input of other sciences such as ecological, economic, social and political sciences. These social sciences emerged in agricultural research a few decades ago, but there are currently no precise trends and data on the speed of emergence of specific topics. Therefore, here we report: (1) an analysis of the emergence of topics in the journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development, and (2) a review of selected articles published in 2009. First, to analyse topic emergence we studied three data sets: most-cited articles from 1999 to 2009, topic hits in article text from 1999 to 2009, and most-downloaded articles in 2009. We found the following major points. Most-cited articles show that transgenic plants and biofuels are clearly emerging topics from 2007, whereas soil carbon and climate change are the major mainstream topics of the last 10 years. Topic hits analysis allows one to rank topics by mean emergence date, e.g. 2008.3 for 'genetically modified' and 2005.3 for 'irrigation'. Accordingly, the 10 most emerging topics over 1999–2009 are biofuels, genetically modified, conservation agriculture, urban agriculture, sociology, organic farming, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation, mulch and biodiversity. Analysis of most-downloaded articles in 2009 shows the predominance of topics such as carbon, climate, biodiversity, biofuels, pollutants, beneficial microbes, transgenic plants and organic farming. Second, we reviewed selected articles published in 2009 with emphasis on emerging topics. We find that sociology is clearly bringing novel and unexpected findings to designing sustainable agriculture. Transgenic crops are highly innovative but show many unknowns that need to be carefully studied using various disciplines. Climate change has many scientifically proven effects on terrestrial ecosystems and agriculture. Here, soil carbon loss should be of particular attention because it rules the long-term fate of many factors such as atmospheric CO2, erosion, and water and nutrient supply. Biodiversity loss due to industrial monocropping is leading scientists to disclose alternative, more diverse cropping systems that optimise biodiversity, pest control and yield