The taming of cocaine: cocaine use in european and American cities
In: Criminological studies
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In: Criminological studies
In: Tijdschrift over cultuur & criminaliteit, Heft 3
ISSN: 2211-9507
In: Drogues, santé et société, Band 9, Heft 1, S. 295-333
ISSN: 1703-8847
Les interventions d'ordre politique et juridique entourant la consommation de drogues découlent principalement de la croyance répandue voulant que les drogues illicites génèrent une dépendance qui, elle, engendre le chaos. Cela étant dit, nos connaissances sur les divers schémas de consommation de substances licites et une foule d'études scientifiques sur l'usage contrôlé de drogues illicites et l'arrêt spontané de consommation de celles-ci remettent en question l'opinion généralisée voulant que l'usage mène inexorablement à une perte de contrôle. Pour comprendre comment et pourquoi certains usagers perdent le contrôle de leur consommation, nous devons chercher à savoir comment et pourquoi tant d'autres arrivent à acquérir ce contrôle et à le garder.
Le contexte social peut créer de nouvelles sanctions sociales informelles (comme définies par N.E. Zinberg) et des rituels (contrôles informels). En diffusant de l'information selon plusieurs mécanismes informels, le contexte social est un facteur essentiel de l'usage contrôlé des substances intoxicantes. Contrairement à ce qui se passe avec les substances licites, les occasions d'apprendre à contrôler l'usage de drogues illicites sont extrêmement limitées.
L'un des principaux stimuli externes influant sur les processus naturels d'autorégulation informelle est la définition sociale des drogues et des consommateurs véhiculée par la politique formelle en matière de drogues. La politique actuelle – axée particulièrement sur la répression – ne réussit pas à encourager une consommation sécuritaire et même paralyse dans une large mesure le développement et la transmission de normes sécuritaires. Les mécanismes de contrôle formel actuels encouragent la formation de sous-cultures déviantes d'usage de drogues illicites, engendrent et amplifient les stéréotypes négatifs (le junkie, le criminel, l'individu violent) et entravent la diffusion des rituels de contrôle et des sanctions sociales concernant la consommation dans son ensemble.
In: European addiction research, Band 7, Heft 4, S. 161-175
ISSN: 1421-9891
The use of any drug involves both values and rules of conduct (social sanctions) and patterns of behavior (social rituals). Based on an ethnographic study (1996–1999) among 111 cocaine users from the metropolitan area of Antwerp (Belgium), the self-regulatory mechanisms surrounding the methods of controlling the quality of a drug are described. Users' perceptions of reliable and unreliable sources of cocaine, quality and adulteration of cocaine and quality control techniques are confronted with objective information. It is argued that these informal control mechanisms may be crucial factors in the controlled use of any intoxicant, but myths are an important ingredient of the observed rituals, which indicates that knowledge about certain drugs and the best ways to use them in a safe way is still underdeveloped. Users are left to their own folk-experimental devices for testing tools or techniques, and many aspects of the natural processes of social learning are generally not based on objective information. Future harm reduction interventions should therefore also stimulate the development and dissemination of effective informal control mechanisms among illicit drug users.
Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface by Peter Reuter -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The Globalization of Cannabis Cultivation -- PART I TRADITIONAL PRODUCER NATIONS -- 2 Peculiar and Perplexed – The Complexity of Ganja Cultivation in the English speaking Caribbean -- 3 Cannabis Cultivation Practices in the Moroccan Rif -- PART II GROWING IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD -- 4 Medical Marijuana – Exploring the Concept in Relation to Small Scale Cannabis Growers in Denmark -- 5 With a little Help from my Friends – Justifications of Small-Scale Cannabis Growers -- 6 'Stories', 'Facts' and 'Myths'. Perceptions of Domestic Cultivators on Potency and Quality of Cannabis -- 7 Professionals or Amateurs? Revisiting the Notion of Professional Crime in the Context of Cannabis Cultivation -- 8 Co-offending Networks in Cannabis Cultivation -- 9 Cannabis Cultivation in the United States -- 10 Cannabis Cultivation in Spain – The Case of Cannabis Social Clubs -- PART III RESPONSES TO GROWING IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD -- 11 Marihuana Behind and Beyond Coffeeshops -- 12 Reforming Laws Applying to Domestic Cannabis Production as a Harm Reduction Strategy – a Case Study -- 13 A Review of Cannabis Properties and Experiments for its Biological Control -- 14 The Seizure Rate of Cannabis Crop Eradication Operations in New Zealand, 1998-2009 -- 15 Keeping Down The Weeds: Cannabis Eradication in the Developed World -- 16 Emerging Trends in Cannabis Cultivation – and The Way Forward
In: Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Band 8, Heft 3, S. 3-6
In: Journal of drug issues: JDI, Band 48, Heft 4, S. 689-709
ISSN: 1945-1369
Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) constitute a noncommercial model for the supply of cannabis among registered, adults users, which is present in several countries—including in Belgium. This analysis provides a first descriptive examination of a sample of Belgian CSC members' patterns of use and supply, as well as their sociodemographic features. According to a new voluntary survey of 190 Belgian CSC members, more than three quarters are male, Belgian, and more than half work full- or part-time. About 44% of respondents have completed university studies. Securing cannabis was the primary reason to adhere to a CSC, and most are (near-)daily users. Our results revealed that the CSC was the sole supplier for most respondents of cannabis-producing CSCs, who obtained almost exclusively (dried) herbal cannabis. The presence of (self-declared) medical users in our sample is noteworthy. This analysis advances our knowledge of the segment of the market served by this noncommercial model.
In: Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Band 6, Heft 2, S. 3-25
In: Tijdschrift over Cultuur & Criminaliteit, Band 6, Heft 2, S. 97-106
In: Tijdschrift over cultuur & criminaliteit, Heft 3
ISSN: 2211-9507
In: KWALON: Tijdschrift voor Kwalitatief Onderzoek, Band 9, Heft 3
ISSN: 1875-7324
In dit artikel behandelen we een belangrijk dilemma waarmee onderzoekers worden geconfronteerd tijdens het uitvoeren van een follow-up onderzoek. De wetenschappelijke betrouwbaarheid bij longitudinaal onderzoek hangt in grote mate af van een laag uitvalpercentage. Maar hoe vind je respondenten na zes jaar terug? Vanuit de eigen praktijkervaring wordt de moeizame zoektocht beschreven.
In: Routledge studies in crime and society
"The book explores how we should evaluate the models of cannabis legalization as they have been implemented in several jurisdictions in the past few years; the specific models for future cannabis legalization that have been developed and how similar or different they are they from the models already implemented; as well as the lessons that can be drawn from attempts to regulate other psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, pharmaceuticals and "legal highs", and other "vice" activities such as gambling and prostitution"--