Suchergebnisse

Análisis de la política económica, del gobierno, los militares, el comercio y la política social de Colombia en 1829 y cómo se podría llegar a un mayor desarrollo económico.

For the authors, structural change has altered the relations as between economy, society andspace. Real wage collapse and a new order in things having to do with city planning area factorsthat, amongst others, make access to land diffi cult for the lower classes. In the wake of theredirecting of building endeavour towards the satisfying of the calls on it of the medium to upperincome bracket population and given government incapacity to meet housing demands, a rise inun-formalized building is only to be expected.In the light of the foregoing, the paper attempts to describe the present day reality of the informalneighbourhoods of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area and analyse their evolution and in so doingremedy the offi cial administrative short fall in this respect. That the full dimensions of the questionmight be understood, all available offi cial data is taken into account as is a sifting of these on theauthors´ part so that that fuller inventory necessary for a proper visualizing those areas requiringinitiatives as within the present-day´s housing policy might be drawn up.The paper aims to demonstrate that regional urban growth over the last decade is closely tied inwith that of this un-formalized mode of answering needs and that latter thus merits the attentionof all those charged with taking housing and city planning decisions. ; Los cambios estructurales de las últimas tres décadas han redefi nido la relación entreeconomía, sociedad y espacio. La caída del salario real y un nuevo orden urbanístico, contribuyeron-entre otros factores- a obstaculizar el acceso al suelo de los sectores populares. Tras el redireccionamientodel mercado inmobiliario a los sectores de ingresos medios-altos y altos y frentea un Estado con baja capacidad de respuesta a las necesidades habitacionales, la consecuenciaesperable es el incremento de la informalidad urbana.Bajo esta hipótesis nos proponemos determinar el universo actual de los barrios informales enel Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) y analizar su evolución, intentando superar elnotable sub-registro ofi cial. Para cuantifi car la magnitud del fenómeno se analizan el conjuntode fuente ofi ciales disponibles y un relevamiento propio que contribuye a consolidar un inventariomás acabado, imprescindible para visibilizar áreas de intervención en el marco de la actualpolítica de vivienda.Buscamos demostrar que el crecimiento urbano de la región en la última década está estrechamentevinculado a la expansión de las modalidades de informalidad urbana estudiadas y, por lo tanto,debe ser mirado con atención por parte de los decisores de política urbana y habitacional.

For the authors, structural change has altered the relations as between economy, society andspace. Real wage collapse and a new order in things having to do with city planning area factorsthat, amongst others, make access to land diffi cult for the lower classes. In the wake of theredirecting of building endeavour towards the satisfying of the calls on it of the medium to upperincome bracket population and given government incapacity to meet housing demands, a rise inun-formalized building is only to be expected.In the light of the foregoing, the paper attempts to describe the present day reality of the informalneighbourhoods of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area and analyse their evolution and in so doingremedy the offi cial administrative short fall in this respect. That the full dimensions of the questionmight be understood, all available offi cial data is taken into account as is a sifting of these on theauthors´ part so that that fuller inventory necessary for a proper visualizing those areas requiringinitiatives as within the present-day´s housing policy might be drawn up.The paper aims to demonstrate that regional urban growth over the last decade is closely tied inwith that of this un-formalized mode of answering needs and that latter thus merits the attentionof all those charged with taking housing and city planning decisions. ; Los cambios estructurales de las últimas tres décadas han redefi nido la relación entreeconomía, sociedad y espacio. La caída del salario real y un nuevo orden urbanístico, contribuyeron-entre otros factores- a obstaculizar el acceso al suelo de los sectores populares. Tras el redireccionamientodel mercado inmobiliario a los sectores de ingresos medios-altos y altos y frentea un Estado con baja capacidad de respuesta a las necesidades habitacionales, la consecuenciaesperable es el incremento de la informalidad urbana.Bajo esta hipótesis nos proponemos determinar el universo actual de los barrios informales enel Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) y analizar su evolución, intentando superar elnotable sub-registro ofi cial. Para cuantifi car la magnitud del fenómeno se analizan el conjuntode fuente ofi ciales disponibles y un relevamiento propio que contribuye a consolidar un inventariomás acabado, imprescindible para visibilizar áreas de intervención en el marco de la actualpolítica de vivienda.Buscamos demostrar que el crecimiento urbano de la región en la última década está estrechamentevinculado a la expansión de las modalidades de informalidad urbana estudiadas y, por lo tanto,debe ser mirado con atención por parte de los decisores de política urbana y habitacional.

The complexity of the sustainability challenge demands for collaboration between different actors, be they governments, businesses, or grassroots movements, at all levels. Nevertheless, and according to previous research, many tensions and obstacles to partnership still exist and results are far from meaningful. By investigating potential synergies, our purpose is to define a sustainability framework to promote better collaboration between community-based initiatives and local governments, in the context of transformation. Specifically, the research aim presented in this paper is to harvest learnings from existing collaborative experiments at the municipal level. As a starting point and using exploratory literature review concerning areas like policy (e.g., public administration) or business and management research, we propose a 'Compass for Collaborative Transformation'. This heuristic device can support the study of these sustainability experiments. We also introduce a method to map the governance imprint of these collaborations and to provide a 'proxy' of transformative efforts. We then present and discuss results from 71 surveyed cases happening in 16 countries in America and Europe, comparing distinctive frameworks involved. Finally, we consider the preconditions of a framework to improve these local collaborations-namely the capacity to support joint navigation through transformative efforts, facing high levels of uncertainty and complexity-and present ongoing efforts to codesign a new sustainability framework.

Esta compilación contiene una muestra del tipo de propuestas y reflexiones sobre temas monetarios que se produjeron en el país durante el primer siglo republicano. Se incluyen proyectos para establecer bancos –tanto públicos como privados–, diagnósticos de los problemas monetarios del país, consideraciones sobre la historia y las instituciones de otros países y su relación con Colombia, además, análisis teóricos acerca del sistema bancario y monetario. Todos estos producidos y divulgados en Colombia.A pesar de la diversidad en los enfoques y en la profundidad del análisis, estos documentos coinciden en mostrar una preocupación permanente a lo largo del siglo por el desarrollo de un sistema financiero que contribuyera al progreso material del país. De igual forma, las discusiones sobre bancos, crédito nacional, moneda y tasa de interés, muestran que en el país existían personajes con conocimientos avanzados sobre teoría monetaria y que conocían la historia monetaria de las grandes potencias comerciales de la época. Estos documentos muestran que, en contra de la idea que impera en la literatura secundaria, el siglo XIX entero fue un terreno fértil para la reflexión sobre temas monetarios. Su estudio es valioso y necesario para la construcción de la historia del pensamiento económico colombiano.

ABSTRACT: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) created a global European crisis in the 1980s and 90s, with very serious health and economic implications. Classical BSE now appears to be under control, to a great extent as a result of a global research effort that identified the sources of prions in meat and bone meal (MBM) and developed new animal-testing tools that guided policy. Priority (www.prionpriority.eu) was a European Union (EU) Framework Program 7 (FP7)-funded project through which 21 European research institutions and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) joined efforts between 2009 and 2014, to conduct coordinated basic and applied research on prions and prion diseases. At the end of the project, the Priority consortium drafted a position paper (www.prionpriority.eu/Priority position paper) with its main conclusions. In the present opinion paper, we summarize these conclusions. With respect to the issue of re-introducing ruminant protein into the feed-chain, our opinion is that sustaining an absolute ban on feeding ruminant protein to ruminants is essential. In particular, the spread and impact of non-classical forms of scrapie and BSE in ruminants is not fully understood and the risks cannot be estimated. Atypical prion agents will probably continue to represent the dominant form of prion diseases in the near future in Europe. Atypical L-type BSE has clear zoonotic potential, as demonstrated in experimental models. Similarly, there are now data indicating that the atypical scrapie agent can cross various species barriers. More epidemiological data from large cohorts are necessary to reach any conclusion on the impact of its transmissibility on public health. Re-evaluations of safety precautions may become necessary depending on the outcome of these studies. Intensified searching for molecular determinants of the species barrier is recommended, since this barrier is key for important policy areas and risk assessment. Understanding the structural basis for strains and the basis for adaptation of a strain to a new host will require continued fundamental research, also needed to understand mechanisms of prion transmission, replication and how they cause nervous system dysfunction and death. Early detection of prion infection, ideally at a preclinical stage, also remains crucial for development of effective treatment strategies. © 2016 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.