Suchergebnisse

Introducción Por la gracia de un decreto ejecutivo fundamentado en una publicación cercana, de una obra no muy reciente se ha erigido el mito de la democracia centenaria. Los hechos de la noche del 7 de noviembre de 1889 han impactado la conciencia de nuestras actuales clases dominantes: a tal evento se le han preparado homenajes que nunca antes se le habían rendido a institución política alguna. Esto, por la gala de su formalidad, nos produjo la sospecha de que algo perverso estaba en el fondo del asunto: un momento, o una oportunidad en la promulgación; pero también sacraliza un acto popular, con lo que se le vacía su verdadero sentido.

Introducción Por la gracia de un decreto ejecutivo fundamentado en una publicación cercana, de una obra no muy reciente se ha erigido el mito de la democracia centenaria. Los hechos de la noche del 7 de noviembre de 1889 han impactado la conciencia de nuestras actuales clases dominantes: a tal evento se le han preparado homenajes que nunca antes se le habían rendido a institución política alguna. Esto, por la gala de su formalidad, nos produjo la sospecha de que algo perverso estaba en el fondo del asunto: un momento, o una oportunidad en la promulgación; pero también sacraliza un acto popular, con lo que se le vacía su verdadero sentido.

A decade after the start of the peace talks between the Colombian state and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) insurgency, the country's military has not been immune to the polarised debates surrounding the final 2016 peace agreement, particularly as today the country experiences a significant rise in polarisation, social discontent and organised armed violence that is blamed by multiple sectors of Colombian society on the peace agreement itself. This commentary traces the origins and development of recent pro-military narratives in Colombia, explaining how apprehensions by the military to the 2016 peace agreement translated into a 'stab-in-the-back' notion, portraying the military as victims of a betrayal by the civilian leadership. The consequence of this narrative has been a galvanisation of the support of various societal actors of the military, including by politicising the military institution, to defend Colombia's decades-old militarised national security approach.

10 pages, 3 figures.-- PMID: 15333575 [PubMed]. ; Neuroimmunomodulation has experienced an explosive growth not only in basic research, but expanding to the point that prospective clinical research could be now a reality. A crucial factor for the functioning of this intimate bidirectional network was the demonstration that the immune and neuroendocrine systems speak a mutual biochemical language. This implies 1) production of neuroendocrine hormones and neuropeptides by immune cells and of cytokines by neuroendocrine cells; 2) evidence for shared receptors on cells of the immune and neuroendocrine systems; 3) effect of neuroendocrine mediators on immune functions; and 4) effect of cytokines on the neuroendocrine system. This reduces traditional differences between neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune mediators and raises the following question: what can we now regard as immune or neuroendocrine? Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one example of this paradigm. VIP has traditionally been classified as a neuropeptide/neurotransmitter based in its capacity to mediate and regulate neuronal functions. Recent work has demonstrated that VIP is produced by T cells, especially Th2 cells, and that through specific receptors it exerts immunological functions typically ascribed to Th2 cytokines in nervous and immune systems. Here, we postulate that instead of a neuropeptide, VIP could be fully considered a type 2 cytokine with a key role in neuroimmunology. ; This study was supported by extramural grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Spanish Ministry of Health (PI 030359 to D.P and PI 030526 to M.D.), from La Caixa Foundation (NE-03-009 to M.D) and from the European Union 6th Framework Grants Program (FP6-006380 to D.P). ; Peer reviewed