Economic Integration and the American Example
In: The Economic Journal, Band 69, Heft 273, S. 39
11 Ergebnisse
Sortierung:
In: The Economic Journal, Band 69, Heft 273, S. 39
In: The Economic Journal, Band 67, Heft 266, S. 338
In: The Economic Journal, Band 72, Heft 286, S. 404
In: The Economic Journal, Band 75, Heft 300, S. 812
In: The Economic Journal, Band 72, Heft 287, S. 706
In: The Economic Journal, Band 73, Heft 292, S. 706
In: The Economic Journal, Band 71, Heft 284, S. 827
In: World development: the multi-disciplinary international journal devoted to the study and promotion of world development, Band 10, Heft 8, S. 597-612
ISSN: 0305-750X
In: The Economic Journal, Band 71, Heft 282, S. 392
In: The Economic Journal, Band 77, Heft 305, S. 135
This article has supplementary material available from erj.ersjournals.com ; The diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia is often confirmed with standard, albeit complex and expensive, tests. In many cases, however, the diagnosis remains difficult despite the array of sophisticated diagnostic tests. There is no "gold standard" reference test. Hence, a Task Force supported by the European Respiratory Society has developed this guideline to provide evidence-based recommendations on diagnostic testing, especially in light of new developments in such tests, and the need for robust diagnoses of patients who might enter randomised controlled trials of treatments. The guideline is based on pre-defined questions relevant for clinical care, a systematic review of the literature, and assessment of the evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. It focuses on clinical presentation, nasal nitric oxide, analysis of ciliary beat frequency and pattern by high-speed video-microscopy analysis, transmission electron microscopy, genotyping and immunofluorescence. It then used a modified Delphi survey to develop an algorithm for the use of diagnostic tests to definitively confirm and exclude the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia; and to provide advice when the diagnosis was not conclusive. Finally, this guideline proposes a set of quality criteria for future research on the validity of diagnostic methods for primary ciliary dyskinesia. ; J.S. Lucas, K.G. Nielsen, C.E Kuehni, C. Hogg, M.W Leigh and H. Omran received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n8305404 (BESTCILIA). J.S. Lucas, L. Behan, W.T. Walker and S.A. Collins were supported by the NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (Southampton, UK) and AAIR Charity. A. Bush is an NIHR Senior Investigator and was supported by the NIHR Respiratory Disease Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London (both London, UK). M. Goutaki was supported by the following national grants: Bernese Lung League, Milena- Pro Kartagener foundation and Swiss National Foundation 32003B_162820/1. S. Dell and M.W. Leigh received funding from the NIH (U54HL096458) through the Genetic Disorders of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium, an initiative of the NIH Office of Rare Diseases Research at the National Center for Advancing Translational Science, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print
BASE