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The simple, conventional approach to the determination of the money supply utilises a multiplier that links the money supply to the volume of high‐powered money. In the tradition of Friedman and Schwartz the multiplier is an expression including the currency ratio of the public (c) and the reserve ratio of the banks (r). In this note it is argued that such an approach must be altered for the UK institutional environment since the introduction of Competition and Credit Control. A modified multiplier expression is defined including the ratio (e) between banks' eligible liabilities and their holdings of deposits that are included in sterling M3. The modified model is then presented diagrammatically.

Recent scholarship has identified multiple levels of interplay between American Jews and sequential art stories (comics). Many comics are now widely understood to be artifacts of the evolving Jewish American experience; this interplay is understood to have grown out of the cultural history, sociology, and social-psychology of the Jews who created, produced, and consumed these comics. But relatively little research has been done on the appropriation and incorporation of Jewish Tradition (Heb. Mesorah ) in comics and how this incorporation mirrors the changing relationship of Jewish culture to American (predominantly Protestant) culture.

Using textual and visual criticism, supplemented by the selective application of Jewish studies, mythological studies, sociology, and feminist theory, the authors offer insight into an aspect of that appropriation by tracking a single figure from Jewish folklore that comic writers and artists have drawn on, again and again: Lilith, first wife of Adam, hypersexual transgressor, demon mother, infanticide, and evil personified. Lilith's trajectory and revision through pulp visual narratives over the past forty years sees her evolve from the traditional demon harridan into a feminist antihero, a mother seeking redemption from her daughter, and, eventually, an American superhero teammate. Her literary-visual transformations offer a pop culture perspective on Jewish Tradition's evolution from a despised to an accepted element in American culture. Moreover, the continuous hybridization of Lilith's story with Christian motifs, classical mythology, contemporary issues, and American history is a marker of a larger rapid and distinctively American assimilation of Jewish Tradition into the American intellectual and imaginative canon.