Der Artikel befaßt sich mit den Arbeitsorientierungen verschiedener Generationen in den Vereinigten Staaten. Dabei werden drei Kategorien von Arbeitskräften gebildet: die Vorkriegsgeneration (geboren bis 1945), die Fernsehkinder (geboren 1946-1965) und die Computerkinder (geboren 1966-1975). Diese Generationen unterscheiden sich durch die bevorzugte Arbeitsumgebung, Arbeitsziele und Arbeitsmittel, Arbeitszeit, Mediennutzung sowie Konsumverhalten. So werden als bevorzugte Arbeitsumgebung der Fernsehkinder Qualitätszirkel, Teamarbeit und partizipatives Management angegeben. Den Computerkindern wird dagegen in einem Szenario indiviudelle Autonomie mit geringster Kontrolle zugesprochen. Die künftigen Arbeitnehmer gehen ihrer Arbeit - flexibel in Zeit und Ort - mit einem Walkman im Ohr nach. Der Artikel will auf den bevorstehenden Umbruch in der Arbeitswelt aufmerksam machen, damit die gängigen Strategien der Personalführung entsprechend ausgerichtet werden können. (IAB)
In increasingly diverse societies, discrimination against social groups and their members continues to be a public and political concern. Research has addressed three basic cognitive processes that precede discrimination: categorization, stereotype/prejudice activation, and stereotype/prejudice application, suggesting that these processes occur in an automatic fashion. However, there are multiple components of automaticity, including unawareness, efficiency, unintentionality, and uncontrollability. Most of the previous research implies that these components of automaticity converge with respect to cognitive antecedents of discrimination. Here, we review evidence on the distinct components of automaticity in order to assess whether (a) categorization, (b) stereotype/prejudice activation, and (c) stereotype/prejudice application occur (1) without awareness, (2) efficiently, and (3) goal-independently. We highlight evidence indicating convergence or divergence of the automaticity components during each of the processing stages. This analysis provides readers with an up-to-date review that helps to evaluate whether a multi-component approach to automaticity is of additional benefit in aggregating knowledge about the cognitive antecedents of discrimination. We discuss open issues and avenues for future research.
BackgroundDuring HAART, HIV RNA can be detectable (>50 cop/mL) in CSF when it is undetectable in plasma, a condition termed CSF viral escape (CVE). The aim of the current analysis was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for CVE in two large US cohorts.Methods1,264 volunteers enrolled in CHARTER or HNRP at their most recent visit between 2003 and 2011 were included in this cross‐sectional analysis if their HIV RNA level in plasma was undetectable while on stable HAART (>6 months) and if they had CSF collected. Potential risk factors were identified using univariable and multivariable analysis. Odds ratios for detected risk factors were calculated.ResultsMean age was 46 years, 82% were men, 70% had AIDS, 22% were HCV+, 49% were Caucasians, median CD4 nadir was 129, and 38% were cognitively impaired. CVE was present in 55 (4.35%) with a median HIV RNA in CSF of 155 (IQR 80‐283). The table summarizes the main analysis results. CVE was associated with longer durations of HIV disease, higher platelet count, higher total serum protein, and higher CSF white blood cells (WBCs). CVE was also associated with treatment‐associated factors, including use of boosted PIs and unboosted atazanavir.
Variable Measure CSF viral load >50 (n=55) CSF viral load <50 (n=1209) Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis Odds ratio Odds ratio info
Age (years) Mean±SD 45.3±7.48 46±9.50 p=0.663
Gender (male) n (%) 43 (78.18) 978 (81.98) p=0.486
Ethnicity (white) n (%) 25 (45.45) 590 (49.50) p=0.692
Years since first HIV+ Median [IQR] 16.02 [11.55–19.9] 12.72 [6.79–18.24] p=0.018 p=0.016 1.367 [1.058–1.785] (each 5 years)
HCV (positive) n (%) 10 (22.22) 219 (22.42) p=0.976
CD4 nadir (cells/mL) Median [IQR] 71 [8.75–188.5] 133 [27.5–240] p=0.025
AIDS (CDC) n (%) 41 (83.67) 775 (69.07) p=0.021
Cognitively impair (Yes) n (%) 21 (38.18) 447 (37.69) p=0.914
Global Deficit Score Median [IQR] 0.4 [0.11–0.87] 0.33 [0.11–0.72] p=0.943
CD4 in blood (cells/mL) Median [IQR] 506 [268–711] 508.5 [340.25–710] p=0.678
Hb in blood (mg/dL) Median [IQR] 14 [12.9–15.1] 14.4 [13.4–15.3] p=0.104
Platelets in blood (x103/mL) Median [IQR] 232 [202–283] 230 [189–273] p=0.056 p=0.022 1.314 [1.041–1.645] (each 50,000)
Protein in serum (g/dL) Median [IQR] 7.7 [6.90–8.30] 7.4 [7–7.9] p=0.013 p=0.035 1.649 [1.036–2.614] (each 1 g/dL)
WBC in CSF (cells/mL) Median [IQR] 4 [2.5–16.5] 2 [1–3] p≤0.001 p≤0.001 3.416 [2.204–5.582] (each 10 cells)
Protein in CSF (mg/dL) Median [IQR] 47 [31.5–55.5] 38 [30–48] p=0.002
Glucose in CSF (mg/dL) Median [IQR] 62 [57.5–68.5] 63 [58–68] p=0.740
Previous blips (Y/N) n (%) 6 (10.91) 111 (9.2) p=0.677
Months VL <50 in plasma Median [IQR 13.07 [6.04–37.66] 18.63 [7.51–40.8] p=0.543
Months on current HAART Median [IQR] 13.07 [6.05–29.78] 18.32 [6.7–35.89] p=0.18
Months on HAART ever Median [IQR] 77.55 [39.65–124.15] 72.87 [34.94–117.07] p=0.419
CPE score Median [IQR] 7 [6–8] 7 [7–9] p=0.625
NNRTI+NRTIs n (%) 8 (14.55) 438 (36.23) p<0.001
PI/r + NRTIs n (%) 31 (56.36) 501 (41.47) p=0.03 p=0.006 2.749 [1.340–5.976] (Yes vs No)
ATV + NRTIs n (%) 4 (7.27) 27 (2.23) p=0.052 p=0.024 6.006 [1.302–21.57] (Yes vs No)
Other HAART regimens n (%) 12 (21.82) 243 (20.07) p=0.747
ConclusionsIn this large, cross‐sectional analysis, CVE was uncommon in subjects on effective HAART. A combination of disease and treatment factors were associated with CVE. The associations with higher levels of CSF WBCs, blood platelets, and serum total protein may reflect greater immune activation. Treatment with PI‐based HAART was particularly associated with CVE, especially if unboosted atazanavir was part of the regimen. CVE was not associated with neurocognitive impairment. Prospective analyses are needed for better characterization of CVE.
