Suchergebnisse

This chapter analyses the opportunities offered to Czech environmental actors by the integration of the Czech Republic into the European Union and discuss to what extent the actors incorporated European issues into their collective actions. It first deals with the reframing of the "space of environmental mobilisations" during the postcommunist transformation period and due to European pressures. The second part addresses the issue of the impact of the use of European resources (finances, norms and values) on environmental actors.

Defending the environment in the Czech Republic.
The environmentalist cause redefined and actors' trajectories
Through changes in organizations and individuals' trajectories, light is shed on how environmental issues have been formulated in Czech lands since the 1970s. The hypothesis is advanced that various persons involved in protecting nature during the Communist era have exerted an influence on the environmentalist cause since 1990. This approach helps us glimpse points of convergence and divergence with trends observed during the same period in the West. It points out how permeable these societies were to international issues, which they translated back into the Communist system. Analyzing the construction of the environmentalist cause leads us to notice both "occupational conversions", which have circulated know- how, and the consolidation of activist careers, which gave shape to a type of environmentalist mobilization.

Un effet inattendu du régime socialiste. La conversion de l'ancienne organisation des pionniers tchèques
Sandrine Devaux
Le maintien après 1989 d'une organisation intrinsèquement liée à l'idéologie prônée par un régime de type soviétique incite à s'interroger sur les modalités de sortie d'un régime autoritaire et sur la manière dont certains dispositifs sociaux peuvent être convertis dans un régime démocratique. La conversion de l'ancienne organisation des pionniers tchèques en 1990 donne à voir le travail symbolique opéré par les nouveaux responsables pour construire le passé légitime de l'association ainsi que les logiques individuelles et collectives de son inscription dans le jeu démocratique. Néanmoins la volonté de faire perdurer une telle organisation ne peut se comprendre que par les appropriations personnelles des collectifs de base et par la manière dont l'appartenance à ces groupes s'inscrit dans les trajectoires sociales des bénévoles.

Nous proposons de traiter dans cet article les effets du passé sur la manière dont des associations se réorganisent après 1990 en République tchèque. Le cas des organisations de jeunesse est révélateur des processus en œuvre puisque se conjuguent des logiques de conversion, de "restauration" d'anciennes associations et de création de nouvelles. Dans cette configuration, s'affrontent de multiples passés socialiste et présocialiste. Nous montrerons concrètement comment les acteurs "bricolent" pour construire un passé légitimant et une nouvelle identité collective. Nous verrons également dans quelle mesure ce bricolage résulte des interactions entre les différents passés mobilisés. L'approche en termes de path dependence retenue ici ne nous semble néanmoins pertinente que si elle s'appuie sur des éléments précis concernant les mécanismes des phénomènes de continuité et de transformation et sur des jeux d'échelles.

The introduction sets out the underlying analytical framework structuring the various contributions to the volume. It outlines an innovative approach to the study of Europeanisation, stressing the cyclical nature of the process and the interaction of top down, horizontal and bottom up dynamics. The gaps in the current literature is highlighted, and the value of paying closer attention to the role of social actors in Europeanisation processes is explained. The final section of the introduction describes how the volume is structured, pointing out how the different chapters address the research gap identified above. It poses two guiding questions which will be addressed by the volume: 1. Under which conditions are actors on the societal level in the member states socialised into European policy-making? And 2. When and how do they adapt their strategies on the national level in order to include the European Union as an additional tool for creating pressure?

BACKGROUND: Our aim, as part of the collaborative study SPHERE (Strengthening Public Health Research in Europe), was to describe public health publications in the French language according to health needs and public health functions. METHOD: All articles published in six French public health journals, and one French/English language Canadian journal, over the period 1995-2004, were retrieved from three electronic databases. Original research articles were indexed by hand according to one main domain of health need, based on Global Burden of Disease categories, and into one of four public health functions. RESULTS: After removing duplicates, 3984 original research articles were identified. Only 51% could be allocated to a health needs code. Of these, 71% were about non-communicable diseases, 25% communicable, maternal and perinatal conditions and 5% injuries. This compared only moderately with the global burden of disease for France (84, 5 and 11%, respectively). The other articles addressed health determinants, such as behavioural or environmental exposures, or a methodological issue. Ninety-two percent of the articles could be assigned a public health function code. Health monitoring and health services research accounted for 80% of references from French journals. Only 9% of articles from French journals were related to prevention, which was lower than that in the Canadian journal (17%). Only 1% of articles dealt with legislation. CONCLUSION: The distribution of articles in French public health journals broadly follows the distribution of health needs. History and data availability may explain the extra research focus on communicable diseases and maternal and child health research. Injuries, and prevention, are topics which appear to be under-represented in French language journals.

BACKGROUND: Our aim, as part of the collaborative study SPHERE (Strengthening Public Health Research in Europe), was to describe public health publications in the French language according to health needs and public health functions. METHOD: All articles published in six French public health journals, and one French/English language Canadian journal, over the period 1995-2004, were retrieved from three electronic databases. Original research articles were indexed by hand according to one main domain of health need, based on Global Burden of Disease categories, and into one of four public health functions. RESULTS: After removing duplicates, 3984 original research articles were identified. Only 51% could be allocated to a health needs code. Of these, 71% were about non-communicable diseases, 25% communicable, maternal and perinatal conditions and 5% injuries. This compared only moderately with the global burden of disease for France (84, 5 and 11%, respectively). The other articles addressed health determinants, such as behavioural or environmental exposures, or a methodological issue. Ninety-two percent of the articles could be assigned a public health function code. Health monitoring and health services research accounted for 80% of references from French journals. Only 9% of articles from French journals were related to prevention, which was lower than that in the Canadian journal (17%). Only 1% of articles dealt with legislation. CONCLUSION: The distribution of articles in French public health journals broadly follows the distribution of health needs. History and data availability may explain the extra research focus on communicable diseases and maternal and child health research. Injuries, and prevention, are topics which appear to be under-represented in French language journals.