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AbstractMore than half the workign population given substantial protection against old age and unemployment under the terms of the social security act.

AbstractStructuralism about mathematical objects and structuralist accounts of physical computation both face indeterminacy objections. For the former, the problem arises for cases such as the complex rootsiand$$-i$$-i, for which a (non-trivial) automorphism can be defined, thus establishing the structural identity of these importantly distinct mathematical objects (see e.g. Keränen in Philos Math 3:308–330, 2001). In the case of the latter, the problem arises for logical duals such as AND and OR, which have invertible structural profiles (see e.g. Shagrir in Mind 110(438):369–400, 2001). This makes their physical implementations indeterminate, in the sense that their structural profiles alone cannot establish whether a given physical component is an AND-gate or an OR-gate. Doherty (PhilPapers,https://philpapers.org/rec/DOHCI-3, 2021) has recently shown both problems to be analogous, and has argued that computational structuralism is threatened with the absurd conclusion that computationaldigitsmight be indiscernible, such that, if structural properties are all that we have to go on, the binary digit 0 must be treated as identical to the binary digit 1 (rendering pure structuralism absurd). However, we think that a solution to the indiscernibility problem for mathematical structuralists, drawing on the work of David Hilbert, can be adapted for the analogous problem in the computational case, thereby rescuing the structuralist approach to physical computation.