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Abstract

Background
This review intends to explore the household hazardous waste (HHW) generation rates, HHW management, and people's awareness regarding HHW in Asian countries based on the economic levels using the available published articles.


Methods
This is a systematic review of the scientific literature based on several databases, namely Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage Journals, and Elsevier's Science Direct from 2008 to 2018.


Results
HHW generation rates in various Asian cities do not seem to be influenced by the countries' financial status, except for e-waste. The variety in HHW generation rates among Asian countries might be due to various reasons, which include differences in (1) sampling frame/locations; (2) sampling size; (3) study duration; (4) seasons; (5) study year; and (6) HHW definition/composition. Governmental intervention programs on HHW management have been implemented in some of the Asian countries, mostly in high and upper-middle income groups although misconducts are still found. There is a tendency for economically developed countries to ship their e-waste to less-developed countries, where the system relies heavily on the informal sectors where unsafe treatments are often discovered. Low level of awareness regarding HHW risks is mostly identified in the lower-middle income group. However, even though high and upper-middle income groups have a better awareness of HHW, many people do not entirely follow the recommended practices.


Conclusion
The lack of enforced regulation and proper treatment infrastructure may lead to HHW being mixed with general household waste, which is found in many Asian countries, despite their income levels. In addition, a good awareness of HHW does not guarantee proper handling of it.

Menteri Kesehatan menetapkan bahwa makanan dan minuman tidak boleh mengandung bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli). Namun, kebanyakan pemerintah daerah tidak menindaklanjutinya dengan menerapkan peraturan yang lebih teknis untuk mencegah penyakit-penyakit yang ditularkan lewat makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kontaminasi E. coli dalam makanan yang dijual oleh pedagang kaki lima (PKL). Seratus PKL di sepanjang Jalan Margonda Kota Depok, Jawa Barat, dipilih secara acak sebagai sampel. Sebanyak 100 PKL, E. coli pada sampel berbagai jenis makanan diukur dengan metode most probable number, sementara sanitasi PKL dan kehigienisan penjamah makanan diamati. Ditemukan secara umum bahwa air bersih yang digunakan untuk memasak, minum, dan mencuci peralatan makan, sarana pembuangan air limbah, peralatan makanan, dan makanan yang disajikan secara tertutup serta perilaku penyaji makanan tidak berhubungan dengan tingkat kontaminasi E. coli (p > 0,05). Sebaliknya, kebanyakan makanan yang disajikan tanpa tutup mengandung E. coli sangat tinggi, meskipun sarana sanitasi dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat penjamah makanan sudah cukup baik, kecuali sarana tempat sampah.Kata kunci: Escherichia coli, makanan, pedagang kaki limaAbstractMinistry of Health regulates that all foods and beverages should not contain Escherichia coli. However, most local government does not implement this requirement by applying more technical local regulation to prevent food borne diseases. The objective of the present study was to quantify E. coli contamination in foods served by street vendors along the Jalan Margonda, City of Depok, West Java. A total of 100 street vendors were selected randomly, from which different types of foods were sampled for E. coli measurement using MPN method. Meanwhile, environmental sanitation of streetvendors and personal hygiene of food handlers were observed. It was found that generally clean water for preparing foods and beverages and washing kitchen utensils, sewage system, table utensils, and covered foods as well as serving behavior were not statistically correlated with E. coli contamination (p > 0,05). On the contrary, most the uncovered foods were highly contaminated by E. coli, although sanitation facilities and personal hygiene were adequately good except solid waste disposal.Key words: Escherichia coli, food, street vendor

Enforcement of a smoke-free policy is of vital concern in support of the health of smokers and bystanders. Indonesia has issued a smoke-free law, but implementation and enforcement lie with the regional and municipal governments. In a survey of 225 respondents recruited via schools, knowledge about the health effects of smoking and the smoke-free regulation, as well as attitudes towards and commitment and support of the enforcement of the smoke-free regulation in the Kendari City through an electronic whistleblowing system was examined. Furthermore, the participants were asked about the smoking status and smoking behavior. About half of the respondents were students (teenagers), the other half&mdash ; their parents. Male respondents were strongly overrepresented (85%). Only 18% of the respondents declared to be smokers, mostly adults and males. Both the smokers and the non-smokers supported the smoke-free law and its enforcement through a whistleblowing system. Representatives of the local government were interviewed and participated in focus group discussions. In general, they also exhibited strong support of an electronic enforcement tool. However, issues of efficiency, costs, and responsibility must still be resolved. Nevertheless, an electronic whistleblowing system has the potential to further the health and livelihoods in a community like the Kendari City.

Empowering the primary school students as larvae monitor that play a strategic role in reducing cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) through the behavior of mosquito nests eradication (MNE/PSN) in their neighborhoods. The objective was to empower the primary school students as larvae monitor in the Kutaraja, Banda Aceh Municipality. The study conducted in July – October 2017. We conducted activities as follows: a) advocacy and socialization of activities to stakeholders in Kutaraja areas, (including primary health center and the schools), b) modules preparation, c) training of larva monitoring students), d) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with stakeholder of the school for evaluation and the next community service programs, and e) periodic larvae inspection by students were trained. The results showed: a) there was significant knowledge between pre- and post-intervention (p = 0.004). The larva monitoring was performed 4 times every Sunday. The number of larvae free index (LFI/ABJ) higher in the fourth inspection than others.

The Indonesian Government established a social distancing policy to prevent COVID-19 transmission. However, this implementation will be ineffective without the compliance of the people. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between public perception and obedience with social distancing in terms of the variables based on the Health Belief Model. This study used a cross-sectional design with a population of Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta's indigenes within the productive age of 15-64 years. The sample comprised 408 participants, with the independent variables of sociodemographics (age, gender, occupation, and education) and health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy). Meanwhile, obedience to social distancing was the dependent variable. Data were obtained through an online questionnaire and evaluated with the bivariate and multivariate analysis using Chi-square and logistic regression tests. Gender (OR = 2.327; 95% CI = 1.404-3.857) and perceived self-efficacy (OR = 2.609; 95% CI = 1.726-3.945) were significantly related to social distancing obedience. Meanwhile, no statistical correlation (p-value>0.05) was found with sociodemographics, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. The males with low self-efficacy were more likely to disobey the social distancing policies. The individual's self-efficacy perception increased with their level of obedience to social distancing policies.

Enforcement of a smoke-free policy is of vital concern in support of the health of smokers and bystanders. Indonesia has issued a smoke-free law, but implementation and enforcement lie with the regional and municipal governments. In a survey of 225 respondents recruited via schools, knowledge about the health effects of smoking and the smoke-free regulation, as well as attitudes towards and commitment and support of the enforcement of the smoke-free regulation in the Kendari City through an electronic whistleblowing system was examined. Furthermore, the participants were asked about the smoking status and smoking behavior. About half of the respondents were students (teenagers), the other half—their parents. Male respondents were strongly overrepresented (85%). Only 18% of the respondents declared to be smokers, mostly adults and males. Both the smokers and the non-smokers supported the smoke-free law and its enforcement through a whistleblowing system. Representatives of the local government were interviewed and participated in focus group discussions. In general, they also exhibited strong support of an electronic enforcement tool. However, issues of efficiency, costs, and responsibility must still be resolved. Nevertheless, an electronic whistleblowing system has the potential to further the health and livelihoods in a community like the Kendari City.