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This book is an adaptation of a doctoral thesis that studies the representativeness of the members of the local parliaments of four major Swiss cities (Zurich, Lausanne, Lucerne and Lugano) from 1945 to 2016. For this purpose, the author analyzes the recruitment system of the members of local and urban legislative organ in Switzerland and the historical evolution of their social profile. This research therefore constitutes an empirical test for the Swiss democratic ideal of the "militia system". The study takes a comparative and transdisciplinary approach, using both quantitative historical methods and spatial analyses. These methods interact with a theoretical corpus mainly drawn from elite sociology, political science and political theory. Thus, this book presents the first diachronic and comparative study on the profile of the members of local parliaments in Switzerland; an organ also largely ignored until now in the international literature. This research offers several contributions: first, it shows that the recruitment system of urban local elected representatives is socially selective – the chances of access to a local and urban legislative body vary according to social criteria (age, sex, level of education, profession, local roots, residential area); second, it notes that this social selectivity varies in time and space, mainly according to party systems, to socio-economic and spatial transformations in cities; thirdly, this research highlights a low presence of "militians" (understood as elected representatives socially resembling the population) and the dominance of two typical figures of urban local representatives, the "notable" (older figure from the center-right) and the "white collar" (more recent figure mainly from the center-left); fourth, in this research we try to open a theoretical discussion on the notion of "political militia" and its links with the question of representativeness, the author examines the various meanings of this term, its historical roots, its current political use, additionally, he questions its use in political science research; fifthly, this book also contributes to the political and socioeconomic history of the four cities studied.

AbstractThis article studies the spatial dimension of the social selection of local elected officials that takes shape through the geographical selectivity of the elected officials' places of residence. Based on data on the places of residence of local elected officials in Zurich and Lausanne (1980‐2016), we show that the residential dispersion of local elected officials is not random but driven by a logic of class socio‐spatial selectivity. We also show that this spatial selectivity varies according to the partisan affiliation of elected officials and the existence or not of electoral districts at the municipal level. By analysing the concentration or absence of elected officials according to the socio‐economic level of the neighbourhoods of Lausanne and Zurich, this article explores a new approach to the sociology of political elites: by adding a spatial dimension – the place of residence – we thus refine the study of the profile of elected officials and their representativeness.

Ce document présente quelques constats saillants sur l'évolution des carrières politiques des parlementaires fédéraux de 1957 à nos jours sous l'angle de la place des différents échelons fédéraux dans leur carrière politique. Notre étude a pour but d'identifier dans quelle mesure, au fil du temps, les échelons communaux et cantonaux restent des étapes importantes dans les carrières politiques fédérales. Siéger dans un organe législatif ou exécutif communal ou cantonal constitue-t-il toujours une étape indispensable pour accéder au Parlement fédéral ? Les parlementaires cumulent-ils toujours plusieurs mandats électifs ? Nous cherchons par là à proposer un bref état des lieux de l'évolution des carrières politiques des parlementaires fédéraux en nous centrant sur la « sensibilité » cantonale et communale des élus fédéraux au cours de leurs carrières depuis les années 1950. Cette analyse nous offre ainsi des constats pour penser l'évolution du fédéralisme suisse. Même si certaines ruptures peuvent être identifiées, ce sont plutôt les nombreuses continuités qui prévalent. Les données portent essentiellement sur quatre cohortes de parlementaires du Conseil national et du Conseil des Etats (1957, 1980, 2000, 2016) dont nous analysons les différentes étapes de leur carrière politique. = Das vorliegende Dokument präsentiert einige auffallende Erkenntnisse aus einer Analyse der Entwicklung der politischen Karriere der Bundesparlamentarierinnen und -parlamentarier von 1957 bis heute unter dem Blickwinkel der Bedeutung der verschiedenen föderalen Ebenen in ihrem Werdegang. Unsere Studie befasste sich mit der Frage, inwiefern die kommunalen und kantonalen Ebenen weiterhin bedeutende Etappen für eine politische Karriere auf Bundes- ebene sind. Ist ein Amt in einem legislativen oder exekutiven Organ einer Gemeinde oder eines Kantons immer noch ein unerlässlicher Schritt auf dem Weg ins Bundesparlament? Nehmen Parlamentarierinnen und Parlamentarier weiterhin mehrere politische Mandate wahr? Wir haben eine kurze ...