Suchergebnisse

Transformations towards effective and righteous climate policies, institutions and actions require coherent policies on climate change mitigation and adaptation, from global to local level. In Brazil, most of the GHG emissions come from changes in land use and from the agriculture and livestock sectors. Agro systems and natural systems such forests are connected when we think about climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and both systems have a key role in supporting transformation towards resilient social- ecological systems. We present a case-study analysis on the Brazilian climate change policy process related to forest, agriculture and livestock. The paper is based on a mix-method approach combining social network analysis (Wasserman and Faust 1994, Scott 2000, Borgatti, Everett and Johnson 2013) and discourse network analysis (Leifeld, 2013) to understand the arrangement of actors according to their discourses and beliefs and according to their interactions with other actors in the climate change policy domain. Our objective is to understand the relationship between discourse and interaction – information exchange and collaboration – networks and how this combination is likely to produce an effect on the policy process towards transformation in the mitigation and adaptation policies in Brazil. The case-study is a result of analysis of 105 interviews gathered in 2014 and 2015, with policy actors from distinct sectors in Brazil.

In many regions of the world, property rights to natural resources are held under various forms of communal ownership, which often exhibit flexibility for users to access different resources depending on relative need. This paper explores the links between climate variability, transactions costs associated with resource access, and patterns of herd mobility in northern Kenya. Results indicate that greater spatial variability of vegetation leads to greater herd mobility, and that higher transaction costs reduce mobility for herds engaged in long-distance movements. Moreover, long-distance mobility is higher in drought years only in those communities with greater spatial and seasonal variability of vegetation.

The interactions between climate change adaptation and mitigation are particularly evident in agriculture, forestry and other land-use-based activities. Adaptation projects can affect ecosystems and their ability to sequester and store carbon, while mitigation projects can enhance adaptive capacity or increase the vulnerability of people. These interactions must be considered when designing policies and strategies. The discussion on policy integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation should focus on two issues: (1) integrating adaptation and mitigation in climate change policies to consider multiple goals, assess trade-offs and seek mutually supportive outcomes; and (2) integrating adaptation and mitigation jointly into sectoral policies, such as agriculture or forestry, in order to balance trade-offs and maximize co-benefits between climate change and other objectives. National strategies and plans related to climate change in Peru as well as key land-use policies encompass both adaptation and mitigation objectives. Frameworks have been developed for the integrated implementation of adaptation and mitigation in the new National Climate Change Strategy and draft National Forests and Climate Change Strategy. Although most of the other strategies and action plans do not mention the joint implementation of adaptation and mitigation, they do emphasis delivery of ecosystem services. And enhancing ecosystem services can ultimately benefit both adaptation and mitigation and other national priorities. What is needed is a strong focus on information and knowledge generation and management and an assessment of the current and potential impacts of national and subnational policies on ecosystem services at different scales. Establishing mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating policy implementation, stakeholder engagement and adaptive management are also crucial.

Las interacciones entre la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático son particularmente evidentes en la agricultura, la forestería y otras actividades basadas en el uso de la tierra. Los proyectos de adaptación pueden afectar los ecosistemas y su capacidad de capturar y almacenar carbono, en tanto que los proyectos de mitigación pueden mejorar la capacidad de adaptación o aumentar la vulnerabilidad de las personas. Estas interacciones deben tomarse en cuenta en el diseño de políticas y estrategias. La discusión sobre la integración de las políticas de mitigación y de adaptación al cambio climático debe centrarse en dos temas: (1) integrar la adaptación y la mitigación en las políticas sobre cambio climático con el fin de considerar objetivos múltiples, evaluar los tradeoffs y buscar resultados que se apoyen mutuamente; y (2) integrar la adaptación y la mitigación de manera conjunta en las políticas de los sectores, como la agricultura o la forestería, con el fin de equilibrar los tradeoffs y maximizar los cobeneficios entre el cambio climático y otros objetivos. Las estrategias y los planes nacionales relacionados con el cambio climático en el Perú, así como las principales políticas de uso de de la tierra, abarcan tanto objetivos de adaptación como de mitigación. En la nueva Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático y en el borrador de la Estrategia Nacional de Bosques y Cambio Climático se han desarrollado marcos para la implementación integrada de la adaptación y la mitigación. Aunque la mayoría de las otras estrategias y planes de acción no mencionan la implementación conjunta de la adaptación y la mitigación, sí destacan la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Y la mejora de los servicios ecosistémicos puede a la larga ser beneficioso tanto para la adaptación como para la mitigación y para otras prioridades nacionales. Lo que se necesita es un fuerte énfasis en la generación y gestión de la información y el conocimiento, y una evaluación de los impactos actuales y potenciales de las políticas nacionales y subnacionales sobre los servicios ecosistémicos a diferentes escalas. También es fundamental establecer mecanismos para el monitoreo y la evaluación de la implementación de las políticas, la participación de los interesados y el manejo adaptativo.

The System-wide Program for Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) sponsored an International Conference on Policy and Institutional Options for the Management of Rangelands in Dry Areas, May 7-11, 2001 in Hammamet, Tunisia. The conference focused on institutional aspects of rangeland management and brought together policy makers and researchers from North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and West Asia to discuss sustainable rangeland production strategies and livelihood of pastoral communities in dry areas. This conference summary paper contains summaries of the CAPRi sponsored research findings on institutional options for rangeland, policy makers' interventions and reactions as well as the synthesis of discussion groups. These working groups evaluated outcomes of policies and institutions guiding rangeland management in terms of their impact on livelihoods and environmental sustainability, and explored alternative policies and institutional strategies in light of their capacity to reduce poverty and enhance food security." -- Author's Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Environment and Natural Resource Management; CAPRi ; EPTD

Special Issue: Shifting global development discourses - Implications for forests and livelihoods ( Vol. 19, Supplement 1, December 2017) ; Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) is an international effort to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from land uses. Vietnam is engaged in the international REDD+ debate and is a partner to numerous multi- and bilateral agreements. Different actors have diverse interests in the REDD+ agenda, and in Vietnam, even though an authoritarian state, different views exist on what REDD+ should achieve. Through the analysis of media articles this study intends to understand how public debates on REDD+ are framed in the Vietnamese policy domain and how actors use the media to promote their interests. Reporting about a diversity of actors and interests, in particular related to expressions of equity concerns in media frames could reflect a growing inclusive political space. Our findings show that while state actors dominate REDD+ media frames, some limited space is present for non-state actors' interests, but equity issue discussed still reflect predominantly state mediated concerns. However, caution is still required due to the limitations these findings come with. ; Peer reviewed

Although many activities can jointly contribute to the climate change strategies of adaptation and mitigation, climate policies have generally treated these strategies separately. In recent years, there has been a growing interest shown by practitioners in agriculture, forestry, and landscape management in the links between the two strategies. This review explores the opportunities and trade-offs when managing landscapes for both climate change mitigation and adaptation; different conceptualizations of the links between adaptation and mitigation are highlighted. Under a first conceptualization of 'joint outcomes,' several reviewed studies analyze how activities without climatic objectives deliver joint adaptation and mitigation outcomes. In a second conceptualization of 'unintended side effects,' the focus is on how activities aimed at only one climate objective—either adaptation or mitigation—can deliver outcomes for the other objective. A third conceptualization of 'joint objectives' highlights that associating both adaptation and mitigation objectives in a climate-related activity can influence its outcomes because of multiple possible interactions. The review reveals a diversity of reasons for mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation separately or jointly in landscape management. The three broad conceptualizations of the links between adaptation and mitigation suggest different implications for climate policy mainstreaming and integration.

REDD+ has been evolving since 2005, yet its outcomes and effectiveness in reducing deforestation and/or achieving co-benefits are still unclear. The academic literature has focused a great deal on the politics and performance of REDD+ recipient countries and on-the-ground implementation, but less so on REDD+ donor countries and not on the question of how REDD+ donor countries learn in the process of implementing REDD+. We examine the three major REDD+ donors Norway, Germany and the UK and find that their funding objectives and approaches have broadened from the original simple and focused idea of financially rewarding tropical forest countries to keep forests standing and carbon stored to land-use, co-benefits and global efforts of transformation. Modalities of learning have not kept up with the rapid changes in terms of problem definition and characterization (as 'super wicked'), let alone the transformative organizational or even paradigmatic changes identified as needed. The experience with REDD+ is demonstrating that merely adjusting the system in incremental ways will likely not solve the problems at hand. Instead, novel modes of learning to facilitate such a transition are needed.