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To supply an additional approach to the current PCI rank, this study promotes a new rank based on technical efficiency scores. Components of PCI are used as inputs to produce outputs which are business indicators. While technical efficiency and PCI ranks are supplements for each other in annual assessments, the Malmquist index and its compositions may be long-term indicators to reflect the performance improvement of the local governments to attract investments.

I used bootstrapping data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure changes in technical and scale efficiency in rice production in the Mekong delta region, Vietnam. The data include sample production sets from 1998 and bi-annual updates from 2002 to 2010. Technical efficiency changed significantly over this period, showing an upward trend. On the other hand, increasing return to scale is dominant trend, which reflects the need to increase the rice production scale generally and expand land use particularly. Meanwhile, the government has been trying to prevent land consolidation activities and restrict production scales using quotas and agricultural land use duration rules.

I used bootstrapping data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure changes in technical and scale efficiency in rice production in the Mekong delta region, Vietnam. The data include sample production sets from 1998 and bi-annual updates from 2002 to 2010. Technical efficiency changed significantly over this period, showing an upward trend. On the other hand, increasing return to scale is dominant trend, which reflects the need to increase the rice production scale generally and expand land use particularly. Meanwhile, the government has been trying to prevent land consolidation activities and restrict production scales using quotas and agricultural land use duration rules.

The new rural development in Vietnam is a large-scale, nationwide programme that involves many stakeholders. The perspectives of these stakeholders, whether they exhibit differences or homogeneity, will significantly shape the programme's outcomes and results. This study assessed the perspectives of stakeholders and classified them into four categories: (1) the significance of the new rural programme, (2) the role of stakeholders, (3) levels of stakeholders' participation, and (4) stakeholders' expectations. The findings indicate that the stakeholders strongly agreed on and appreciated the significance of the new rural programme in improving people's livelihoods. However, the distinguishing viewpoints focused mainly on the roles and the levels of participation of the stakeholders. Bridging the perceived gap among stakeholders and strengthening the key role of the people are the decisive factors of the programme's success, contribute to poverty reduction, social justice, and the long-term sustainability of the national target programme for new rural development in Vietnam.