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"Archaeologists have always considered the beginnings of Andean civilization from ca. 13,000 to 6,000 years ago to be important in terms of the appearance of domesticated plants and animals, social differentiation, and a sedentary lifestyle, but there is more to this period than just these developments. During this time, the spread of crop production and other technologies, kinship-based labor projects, mound building, and population aggregation formed ever-changing conditions across the Andes. From Foraging to Farming in the Andes proposes a new and more complex model for understanding the transition from hunting and gathering to cultivation. It argues that such developments evolved regionally, were fluid and uneven, and were subject to reversal. This book develops these arguments from a large body of archaeological evidence, collected over thirty years in two valleys in northern Peru, and then places the valleys in the context of recent scholarship studying similar developments around world"--

Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Brian S. Bauer. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004. 255 pp.

Inka Colonialism, the Chicha Consumption and the Feasting: A Perspective from the "Commensal Politics"This essay treats the "commensal politics" of feasting in the Inka state and its implications for understanding certain domains of political action and pre-Hispanic colonialism. State-sponsored feasts were usually political and ritual and comprised an important instrument in manipulating power relations and the public production and consumption of some food and drink. Some archeological and ethnographic implications of commensal politics also are discussed. ; Este ensayo analiza el concepto de carácter de "banquetes políticos" de los festines o fiestas públicas en el Estado inka y sus implicancias con el fin de entender ciertos aspectos de la conducta política y el colonialismo prehispánicos. Por lo general, los banquetes auspiciados por el Estado son tanto rituales como políticos y constituyen un instrumento importante en el manejo de las relaciones políticas y del consumo de alimentos y bebida. Se discuten también algunas implicancias arqueológicas y etnográficas de los banquetes políticos.

Intro; Acknowledgments; Contents; About the Editors; Chapter 1: Introduction; References; Part I: Ethnohistory of Parlamentos; Chapter 2: Origin of the Spanish-Mapuche Parlamentos: The European Treaty Tradition and Mapuche Institutions of Negotiation; The Other: From Enemy to Negotiator; Spanish Provisions for Negotiation in America: From Requerimiento to Treaty; Spanish Dispositions for Negotiation in Chile and the Origin of the Parlamentos; Mapuche Institutions for Political Negotiation: The Political and Ritual Assemblies; A European or a Mapuche Tradition of Negotiation?; References

We assess diet and economies of middle Holocene (∼7,500 to 4,000 calibrated [cal] B.P.) humans at coexisting mound sites (Huaca Prieta and Paredones) in north coastal Peru and document regular consumption of maize by ∼6,500 to 6,000 cal B.P. and its earliest use as a staple food in this area of the Andes between 5,000 and 4,500 cal B.P. Stable isotope data from enamel carbonates and dentin collagen (childhood diet) and dental microwear texture analysis (adult diet) demonstrate dietary and economic specialization. Previous studies revealed maize and mixed-food refuse at both sites, but this study documents actual food consumption, showing that these communities situated a few hundred meters apart had significantly distinct diets in childhood and adulthood. Huaca Prieta focused on marine resources, although there are some contributions from terrestrial meat. Paredones individuals primarily consumed maize during childhood (up to 70% of the juvenile diet), as shown by δ(13)C values, apatite-collagen spacing, and discriminant analysis of δ(13)C(coll), δ(13)C(carb), and δ(15)N values. Maize was likely used as a weaning food (e.g., gruel and/or chicha—a maize beverage), hinting at the significant role of breastfeeding mothers, weanling infants, and children in the development of maize as a staple crop. Additionally, dental microwear data show Paredones adult diets are high in abrasives, potentially from maize processing. The distinct foodways at these neighboring sites result from and also reflect their social and political distinctions. These differences in food production, distribution, and consumption generated opportunities for exchange, an interaction that bound them together in mutual benefit.