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O artigo pretende contribuir para o debate sobre a reforma do Estado associando este objetivo ao processo mais amplo de fortalecimento das condições de governabilidade democrática. Propõe-se uma ruptura com o viés restritivo e reducionista das análises correntes através da adoção de uma perspectiva integrada, que enfatize o teor pluridimensional da questão da governabilidade sem perder de vista os fatores endógenos que concorrem para a crise do Estado, tais como a assimetria entre os poderes Executivo e Legislativo e o hiato entre o Estado e a sociedade. Segundo a autora, a maximização da eficácia da ação estatal passa pelo incremento da governabilidade - sobretudo por meio da mobilização de recursos políticos que viabilizem a implementação das metas governamentais - e pelo aumento da governance, entendida como a capacidade de comando, coordenação e implementação do Estado. Afirma-se que o novo paradigma da reforma administrativa deve partir da redefinição do conceito de autonomia estatal e do modelo de gestão pública preexistentes.

Brazilian industrial entrepreneurs have shown a high degree of mobilization and political activity in defense of their specific interests since the beginning of Brazilian industrial capitalist development. They have been characterized by pragmatism, support of different governments and political regimes (dictatorships or democracies), and adaptation to the political instability typical of the country from the proclamation of the Republic until the mid-1980s. For almost half a century they have played a prominent role in sustaining the different phases of national developmentalism by joining diverse political coalitions that upheld the industrial order. The past 10 years have been marked by an important reversal of this pattern that is essentially political: the socialization of entrepreneurs in democratic values, rules, and practices. A thread of continuity is represented by an ideological pragmatism characterized by successive adaptations to positions more or less aligned with a more active role for the state. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]

Brazilian industrial entrepreneurs have shown a high degree of mobilization and political activity in defense of their specific interests since the beginning of Brazilian industrial capitalist development. They have been characterized by pragmatism, support of different governments and political regimes (dictatorships or democracies), and adaptation to the political instability typical of the country from the proclamation of the Republic until the mid-1980s. For almost half a century they have played a prominent role in sustaining the different phases of national developmentalism by joining diverse political coalitions that upheld the industrial order. The past 10 years have been marked by an important reversal of this pattern that is essentially political: the socialization of entrepreneurs in democratic values, rules, and practices. A thread of continuity is represented by an ideological pragmatism characterized by successive adaptations to positions more or less aligned with a more active role for the state.

RESUMEN: Las múltiples dimensiones de la crisis brasileña han quedado oscurecidas por su vertiente económica. Por esta razón, la problemática de la gobernabilidad ha sido abordada en la gran mayoría de los estudios desde la óptica del ajuste macroeconómico, centrado en la crisis fiscal del Estado. No obstante, es necesario atender a diversos problemas políticos -tanto a estructuras institucionales como a dinámicas sociales específicas- que inciden sobre el tipo governance que se configura desde el aparato de estado e influyen en el carácter incluyente (democrático o no) de la resolución de la coyuntura de crisis.ABSTRACT: The multiple dimensions of brazilean crisis have been covered by its economic aspect. For this reason, the problem of govemability has been analyzed in the most of the studies from the perspective of the macroeconomic adjustment, centered in the state fiscal crisis. However, it is necessary to attend the different political problems, in terms of institutional structures and specifical social dynamics, which affect the type governance configured from the state aparatus and which influence the inclusing character (democratic or non) to solve the critical conjucture.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el actual debate internacional que se ha desarrollado en las Ciencias Sociales sobre tres aspectos fundamentales para comprender los desafíos que ha enfrentado el rol del Estado y la gobernabilidad en América Latina (con especial referencia a Brasil) durante la primera década del siglo XXI como resultado de la globalización y de la nueva dinámica capitalista mundial. En primer lugar, se analiza la tercera ola de interpretaciones sobre el fenómeno de la globalización, destacando la crítica a la ortodoxia neoliberal característica del Consenso de Washington. A continuación se discute la nueva concepción del rol del Estado, se sugiere una reforma del Estado y se pone de relieve la necesidad de consolidar la democracia. Finalmente, se propone una reformulación del concepto de gobernabilidad, enfatizando sus dimensiones externa e interna. ; Abstract: This article aims to analyze the current international debate that has developed in Social Sciences around three main aspects to understand the challenges faced by the State and governance in Latin America (with special attention to Brazil) during the first decade of the 21st Century as a result of globalization and the new global capitalism dynamic. First, it analyzes the third wave of interpretations about the phenomenon of globalization, highlighting the critic to the neo-liberal orthodoxy of the Washington Consensus. Next, the article discusses the new conception of the role of the State, and it's suggested a State reform and highlights the need to consolidate democracy. Finally, it is proposed a reformulation of the concept of governance emphasizing its internal and external dimensions.

This paper is aimed at analyzing the mode of attachment of the Brazilian entrepreneurs of the manufacturing sector on the current debate on the dilemmas faced by society and government on the verge of the next millenium. This debate unfolds around three encompassing and interdependent themes. The first concerns the current phase of the globalization process; the second concerns the path of the national economy; and the third is related to the problems of consolidation of democracy. Starting with considerations on the globalization process and the constraints which it poses to the society, the paper focuses the characteristics of the new Latin American democracies that were set up in a context of worsening of the external crisis. Next it analyses of the Brazilian case intending to assess the political activities of national entrepreneurs during the different conjunctures of the period between 1985 to 1997. Finally, the paper suggests some hypothesis regarding the capacity of these entrepreneurs to develop more autonomous forms of behavior in order to enable them to exercise an active role within a new coalition of forces as regards the discussion of alternatives to the current economic model. ; This paper is aimed at analyzing the mode of attachment of the Brazilian entrepreneurs of the manufacturing sector on the current debate on the dilemmas faced by society and government on the verge of the next millenium. This debate unfolds around three encompassing and interdependent themes. The first concerns the current phase of the globalization process; the second concerns the path of the national economy; and the third is related to the problems of consolidation of democracy. Starting with considerations on the globalization process and the constraints which it poses to the society, the paper focuses the characteristics of the new Latin American democracies that were set up in a context of worsening of the external crisis. Next it analyses of the Brazilian case intending to assess the political activities of national entrepreneurs during the different conjunctures of the period between 1985 to 1997. Finally, the paper suggests some hypothesis regarding the capacity of these entrepreneurs to develop more autonomous forms of behavior in order to enable them to exercise an active role within a new coalition of forces as regards the discussion of alternatives to the current economic model.

The article examines the scope and depth of the changes in Brazil since the 1980s, when the transition to democracy and the implementation of market reforms came to the forefront of the public agenda. Through a comparison between the 1980s and 1990s, the article examines developments in the economic order and social structure of Brazil with particular emphasis on political and institutional changes. With this aim, the paper looks specifically at the style of public management, the nature of the decision-making process, and the channels of statesociety interaction as well as the mechanisms for access to the decision-making centres. Finally, the article assesses the changes and relative importance of strategic actors in the new capitalist order. ; El artículo evalúa el alcance y la profundidad de las transformaciones desencadenadas en Brasil a partir de la década de los años 80, cuando la instauración de la democracia y la ejecución de las reformas orientadas al mercado asumen el primer plano de la agenda pública. Mediante un contraste entre las décadas de los 80 y 90, este trabajo enfatiza los cambios en el orden económico y en la organización social del país, destacando las modificaciones de naturaleza política e institucional. Y para ello analiza particularmente el estilo de gestión pública, la naturaleza del proceso de toma de decisiones, las formas de articulación entre Estado y sociedad, así como los canales de acceso a los centros de decisión. Por último, se abordan las transformaciones en el peso relativo y en el papel de los actores estratégicos del nuevo orden capitalista en construcción.