Suchergebnisse

Abstract Social protection policies in Mexico have been transformed since 1988 through partial retrenchment of social insurance and significant expansion of targeted or means‐tested social assistance. These changes reflect a substantial redefinition of social protection through incremental changes in policy. The changes reflect the abandonment of the goal of developing an employment‐based, universal welfare regime, which had been pursued by Mexican governments as late as the 1970s. Instead, recent administrations have moved towards the redefinition of Mexico's welfare regime into a residual, means‐tested model with significant private provision of benefits and services. This shift in social protection is consistent with the change in Mexico's overall economic development strategy and increasing political competition in the process of democratization.

Student evaluations of teaching (SETs) often have important effects on promotion, tenure, and merit raises, even if only through the negative effects that poor evaluations can have on these decisions (Langbein 1994). SETs can be affected by student characteristics (class, GPA, major, expected grade, gender), class characteristics (size, required, discipline, quantitative), and professor characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, personality traits). Both experiments and analysis of end-of-semester SETs in a range of disciplines and institutional settings have been used to examine the effects of each of these characteristics and the interactions among them to understand the factors that produce higher SETs.

This work looks at the globalization & democratization processes in social security policies in Mexico since 1988. Mexico's economic liberalization came first to political liberalization, which helps explain the pattern of social insurance reform. Although significant reforms were implemented in this area during the last decade, some others have not been applied due to the opposition of several sectors. Economic liberalization has increased pressures to cut down contributions & expenditure in social security, also reducing the capacity of some beneficiaries to protect their rights. In contrast, democratization has modified the political process both as regards alliances among parties & the legislative process. The weight of Congress & division of power within it has made further problematic to implement major reforms to the pension & health systems. This paper offers an account of the political process related to reform efforts aimed at both the IMSS (Mexican Institute of Social Security) & the ISSSTE (Social Security Institute for Government Workers) since 1988. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Current debates suggest that economic globalization can either lead to a race to the bottom in which states lose their policy making autonomy or to a renewed commitment by the state to provide social benefits to its citizens. Comparative research on policy reform, however, suggests that political regime type is an important determinant of social policy. An analysis of education, health & social protection spending in a sample of 39 middle income countries between 1980 & 1999 demonstrates that different dimensions of economic integration are associated with adjustments to social spending, which are in part mediated by political regime type. Increased trade integration leads to more investment in human capital, especially in authoritarian regimes, but reduces expenditures on social protection in comparison to democracies. Figures, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.