Suchergebnisse

Th is paper analyzes the development of forms and methods of interaction between government agencies and the experts' community, public organizations, and citizens under the infl uence of a whole host of factors, including a transition to networked forms of administration; the production and exchange of big data; the dynamic development of information and communication technologies; and the development of the need for various interest groups, members of the mass media, and citizens to comment and infl uence government decisionmaking. Th e goal of the paper is to demonstrate that open government and increasing citizen activity is a two-way street. Th e paper uses the results of the monitoring by experts in 2014 of the implementation of principles and mechanisms of openness in federal executive agencies. One of the paper's tasks is to show that government bodies today face the extremely diffi cult challenge of not merely informing citizens about decisions that are made but also maintaining the smooth operation of mechanisms that are able, given the current level of social development, to ensure that the interests and expectations of as many stakeholders as possible are taken into account. Th e paper also analyzes issues related to streamlining the current mechanisms of openness. Th e authors regard these technologies and mechanisms of openness and public participation in government administration as interconnected elements of a new, nascent model of public administration.

This article considers the relations between the Russian Empire and its national peripheries. The authors focus on the deformation of imperial principles of the organisation of power under the influence of the periphery instead of the traditional analysis of imperial methods of incorporating it. The work is based on documents from federal archives and published historical evidence and is structured around three main problems of the Romanov Empire, i. e. first, geography as a hard struggle with distances; second, politics as administrative practice; and third, economy as the price of the peripheries. The article defines the fundamental principle of Russian autocracy regarding the periphery as its desire for political and cultural integration of the periphery into the state. At the same time, the implementation of this principle forced the imperial authorities to seek other mechanisms to integrate outlying territories. The authors conclude that the experience of the Russian Empire demonstrates an inconsistency between state theory and practice. The periphery was not only an object of imperial policy, but also an agent in the development of the empire itself. ; Статья посвящена взаимоотношениям Российской империи и ее национальных окраин. Авторы фокусируют внимание не на традиционном анализе имперских методов их инкорпорации, а на процессе деформации имперских принципов организации власти под влиянием окраин. Работа основана на документах федеральных архивохранилищ и на опубликованных исторических свидетельствах. Исследование построено вокруг трех осевых проблем империи Романовых: во-первых, географии как тяжелой борьбы с расстоянием, во-вторых, политики как административной практики, в-третьих, экономики как цены окраин. Определен фундаментальный принцип окраинной политики российского самодержавия – стремление к политическому и культурному слиянию периферии с ядром государства. Отмечено, что проблемы, связанные с реализацией этого принципа, заставляли имперские власти искать другие механизмы интеграции окраин. Авторы приходят к выводу, что опыт Российской империи показывает противоречивость государственной теории и практики. Это позволяет говорить о том, что окраины были не только объектом имперской политики, но и субъектом развития самой империи.

The outbreak of the First World War actualized the Polish issue, difficult for the Russian Empire, the discussion of which involved the government, the public, and political parties. The need to adapt the party program to the political situation, which was regularly updated under the extremely unstable conditions of wartime, forced the representatives of the Constitutional Democratic Party to turn to the joint historical past of Poland and Russia to substantiate the political present. During the first six months of the war, the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party carried out intensive work to prepare materials for correcting its program on the national question. There was a gradual integration of the Polish question into the general concept of the state and foreign policies of the Cadets. The Central Committee of the Cadet Party continued to think within imperial categories in relation to space. In the course of lengthy discussions during the meetings of the Central Committee, different points of view within the party were revealed; however, the Central Committee was forced to come to a relatively common opinion, preparing for public presentation a project for the organization of Poland not only to members of the party and the Russian public, but also to the Poles themselves. The analysis of the material accumulated in 1914 shows the clarity of the historical component of the positions of the Cadets and the abstract nature of their political and legal positions.

Since 1968 on 1992 Eudoxia Mihajlovna Sokolovskaya was the head of the
chair of the general chemistry, and up to the beginning of this century she remained the
unique woman heading chair of a chemical profi le in the Lomonosov Moscow State
University. The main sphere of professor E.M.Sokolovskaya activity – the basic researches on development of the theory of the physical and chemical analysis. Under
her management where prepared more than 120 candidates of science and 12 doctors
of sciences. The results of the works are published in more than 500 scientifi c articles
and in three monographies. For the outstanding merits in the fi eld of a science and for
successful pedagogical activity it has been awarded ranks of the Honourable Professor
of the Moscow State University, and also ranks "the Honored worker of a science of
RSFSR", awarded the order of Friendship of the people.