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In Chimalapas, Mexico, nongovernmental actors attempted to integrate campesinos into the discourse and practices of the Western environmental movement. The political economy school of anthropology assumes that cultural identity and practice flow from historical experiences grounded in relevant national and institutional contexts. In this article, I argue that although the movement in Chimalapas drew from the well‐developed symbolic toolkit of the environmental movement, it was not able to create a space for local concerns within a transnational agenda that was already fairly well established and inflexible. Political ecology was the hinge of this movement: a political‐economic analysis that validated traditional agrarian concerns in Chimalapas but included an environmentalist discourse legible to international funders. In this way, environmentalists in Chimalapas attempted both to create new practices and to link old practices to new expressions of culture and identity.

Timeline of Important Events -- Introduction: Practicing Political Ecology in Chimalapas -- Section I. Time, Space, Politics -- Shining Rivers : Chimalapas in Time and Space -- Megaprojects in Mexico's South : Liberal Shadows in a Global Era -- Section II. The Emergence of the Environment -- Wild Places : The Production of Nature and the Environment -- Imagining Chimalapas : Leadership, Legitimacy, and Representation -- The Long-Distance Jaguar : Creating an Ecological Community in Chimalapas -- Section III. The Politics of the Environment -- Decentralized Authoritarianism : Political Control in Chimalapas -- Please, No Politics : The Institutional Isolation of Maderas and the New Government Role -- Conclusion: Decentralized Authoritarianism and Accumulation by Conservation in Chimalapas -- Appendix A: List of Participants -- Appendix B: Institutional Funding for Maderas del Pueblo between 1991 and 2000 -- Appendix C: Government Agencies in Chimalapas, 1995-2000 -- Appendix D: WWF Funding Lines, 1997-2000 -- Appendix E: Institutional Presence in Chimalapas, 2003-2008