Suchergebnisse

Deborah Daro and Kenneth Dodge observe that efforts to prevent child abuse have historically focused on directly improving the skills of parents who are at risk for or engaged in maltreatment. But, as experts increasingly recognize that negative forces within a community can overwhelm even well-intentioned parents, attention is shifting toward creating environments that facilitate a parent's ability to do the right thing. The most sophisticated and widely used community prevention programs, say Daro and Dodge, emphasize the reciprocal interplay between individual-family behavior and broader neighborhood, community, and cultural contexts.

The authors examine five different community prevention efforts, summarizing for each both the theory of change and the empirical evidence concerning its efficacy. Each program aims to enhance community capacity by expanding formal and informal resources and establishing a normative cultural context capable of fostering collective responsibility for positive child development.

Over the past ten years, researchers have explored how neighborhoods influence child development and support parenting. Scholars are still searching for agreement on the most salient contextual factors and on how to manipulate these factors to increase the likelihood parents will seek out, find, and effectively use necessary and appropriate support.

The current evidence base for community child abuse prevention, observe Daro and Dodge, offers both encouragement and reason for caution. Although theory and empirical research suggest that intervention at the neighborhood level is likely to prevent child maltreatment, designing and implementing a high-quality, multifaceted community prevention initiative is expensive. Policy makers must consider the trade-offs in investing in strategies to alter community context and those that expand services for known high-risk individuals. The authors conclude that if the concept of community prevention is to move beyond the isolated examples examined in their article, additional conceptual and empirical work is needed to garner support from public institutions, community-based stakeholders, and local residents.

Many child abuse prevention programs have targeted factors within the family, such as parenting skills. This book describes the next wave of prevention the promotion of safer, healthier childrearing environments in entire communities. The contributors are leading authorities who illuminate how contextual factors including poverty, chaotic neighborhoods, and lack of social supports combine with family factors to place children at risk for maltreatment. They present a range of exemplary programs designed to strengthen communities while also helping individual parents to meet their children's nee

An exploration of whether the link between harsh physical discipline & children's aggressive behavior problems generalizes beyond middle-class Caucasians argues that cultural differences in child-rearing practices influence children's interpretations of their parents' actions. The literature on physical discipline, abuse, & the development of aggressive behavior problems is reviewed. The evidence indicates physical punishment is a risk factor for antisocial behavior among European Americans, but not for African Americans. Competing hypotheses about the meaning of these findings are explored. Although none of the explanations is conclusive, it is suggested that the tone or quality of the parent-child relationship may influence the way children view their physical punishment. Parents who punish with an attitude of anger & hostility may elicit greater feelings of anger, fear, & rejection in their children. Emphasis is placed on the need for research that highlights the multiple factors that differ across ethnic & cultural groups, including the impact of children's perceptions of their discipline experiences on subsequent aggressive behavior problems. Tables, References. J. Lindroth

The problem of deviant peer influences in intervention programs / Kenneth A. Dodge, Jennifer E. Lansford, and Thomas J. Dishion -- Deviant peer contagion in interventions and programs : an ecological framework for understanding influence mechanisms / Thomas J. Dishion and Kenneth A. Dodge -- Deviant peer effects : perspectives of an epidemiologist / James C. Anthony -- Assigning youths to minimize total harm / Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig -- Is deviant peer influence a problem and what can be done? : qualitative perspectives from four focus groups / Jennifer E. Lansford and Joel Rosch -- Deviant peer group effects in youth mental health interventions / Kenneth A. Dodge and Michelle R. Sherrill -- Deviant peer effects in education / Wendy M. Reinke and Hill M. Walker -- Peer effects in juvenile justice / D. Wayne Osgood and Laine O'Neill Briddell -- The effects of community-based group treatment for delinquency : a meta-analytic search for cross-study generalizations / Mark W. Lipsey -- Peer effects in neighborhoods and housing / Jacob Vigdor -- Iatrogenic outcomes of the child welfare system : vulnerable adolescents, peer influences, and instability in foster care arrangement / Melvin N. Wilson and LaKeesha N. Woods -- Peer effects in community programs / Jennifer E. Lansford -- Peer effects in naturally occurring groups : the case of street gangs / Malcolm W. Klein -- Research-based prevention programs and practices for delivery in schools that decrease the risk of deviant peer influence / Rebecca B. Silver and J. Mark Eddy -- Promising solutions in juvenile justice / Peter Greenwood -- Prevention approaches to improve child and adolescent behavior and reduce deviant peer influence / Emilie Phillips Smith, Jean E. Dumas, and Ron Prinz -- Promising solutions in housing and the community / Jens Ludwig and Greg Duncan -- Creating a legal and organizational context for reducing peer influence / Joel Rosch and Cindy Lederman -- A functional contextualist framework for affecting peer influence practices / Anthony Biglan, Jeffrey Sprague, and Kevin J. Moore -- Findings and recommendations : a blueprint to minimize deviant peer influence in youth interventions and programs / Thomas J. Dishion, Kenneth A. Dodge, and Jennifer E. Lansford