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This paper examines the importance of political knowledge in shaping accurate perceptions of the political world -- specifically, how levels of general political knowledge influence the accuracy of specific political judgments, how those judgments might also be shaped by "wishful thinking," & how political knowledge attenuates the impact of wishful thinking on political judgments. Predictions of who would win the US presidential election in 1984, 1988, 1992, & 1996, as surveyed in the National Election Studies conducted in those years, were used as a measure of the accuracy of political perceptions. Analysis of these data reveals that both political knowledge & wishful thinking are important determinants of the accuracy of people's perceptions; in addition, the impact of wishful thinking on perceptions is attenuated by political knowledge. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 32 References. Adapted from the source document.

Purpose - Injecting drug use is a global concern, with an estimated 16 million people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in over 148 countries. A number of Asian countries detain PWIDs for compulsory treatment. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach - The authors reviewed the literature on compulsory drug treatment in seven Asian countries. Findings - The authors identified 1,269 closed settings which held over 600,000 drug users in eight countries. The average detainee was aged from 20 to 30 years and was predominantlymale. HIV risk behaviour continued in detention in some countries. In most countries treatment comprised physical labour,military drills. Methadone maintenance treatment and antiretroviral therapy were rarely available. No data were located to show detention in a closed setting treated drug dependency. Issues of concern were; no due legal process for the detention of drug users, lack of evidence-based drug treatment, lack of HIV prevention and treatment, abusive conditions, forced labour and exercise, arbitrary exit procedures and very high relapse rates. Research limitations/implications - The review of compulsory treatment of drug users failed to find any evaluation of effective drug treatment for detainees. Instead serious breaches in human rights conditions were evident. Prominent international organisations have called for the compulsory treatment of drug users to cease. Practical implications - Many countries are spending vast amounts of funding on ineffective treatments for drug users. Social implications - Funding should be directed to community-based drug treatments that have been shown to work. Originality/value - This is the largest review of compulsory treatment of drug users to date.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-DESIGNATED POLITICAL IDEOLOGY, OPINIONS ON TWENTY-ONE ISSUES, AND CAMPAIGN ACTIVITY AT LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL LEVELS. THE SAMPLES EXAMINED INCLUDE DELEGATES TO THE 1984 PARTY CONVENTIONS IN ELEVEN STATES. GENERALLY, THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT IDEOLOGY AND ISSUE POSITION ARE MOST STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVITY IN NATIONAL CAMPAIGNS. AMONG DEMOCRATS LIBERALISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH NATIONAL ACTIVITY, WHEREAS AMONG REPUBLICANS THOSE WHO ARE CONSERVATIVE ARE MOST ACTIVE IN NATIONAL CAMPAIGNS. SOME IMPORTANT INTRAPARTY DIFFERENCES ARE FOUND BETWEEN LOCAL CAMPAIGN ACTIVISTS AND NATIONAL ACTIVISTS. FOR EXAMPLE, AMONG DEMOCRATS LOCAL CAMPAIGN ACTIVISTS ARE MUCH MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN NATIONAL ACTIVISTS ON SEVERAL ISSUES.