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In a media system where self-regulation is poorly institutionalized, the development of media accountability online practices is in the hands of initiatives of the newsrooms under the scrutiny of a vibrant of media bloggers. The polarization of political positions in the blogosphere and the principles of journalistic neutrality clash with a dynamic that seems to deter transparency practices. Online-only news sites seem to be more keen than traditional media websites to be responsive to the audience, but accountability is seen more as a natural feature of the Internet than as a journalistic principle.

With this volume, Pablo J. Boczkowski plants the roots to approach media production from a perspective that can grasp the changes in the content industry in the Internet era. Building on the tradition of socio-technical change studies, the author traces the factors that shaped the newspaper
industry exploration of electronic media in the 1980s (videotext, teletext, audiotext) and explores how three website projects of US newspapers followed sharply different paths in their definition of the Internet as a new medium. His research is a powerful antidote for the generalized technological
hype that has seduced the industry and the academia for years since the Internet became the dominant solution for digital information delivery. Boczkowski tells three stories of innovation and change which demonstrate that the prophecies of interactivity, hypertext and multimedia are not a
given in news websites: their development depends on organizational, economic, technological and cultural factors that vary from newsroom to newsroom.

For a qualitative analysis of factors affecting trust in science communication (scicomm) we used the Delphi method to reach a pool of experts based in Italy and Belgium (researchers/academics, journalists and scicomm practitioners) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed a 'strong' consensus (confirmed before and during the pandemic) about good practices promoting trust in scicomm (mainly based on direct interactions with targeted audiences), and about critical topics where trust plays a key role. Such topics include vaccines and the role of pharmaceutical companies, climate change and environmental issues, medical sciences, communication of health risks and public health issues. According to our results, issues related to health and environment were perceived as critical and controversial subjects for trust in scicomm even before the pandemic. The same pool of experts also expressed very diverse views regarding risks and threats to trust in scicomm, and the social, cultural, political and environmental factors that can increase and promote trust in scientific communication among lay audiences. Such diversity reveals the need for further research to explore differences due to the context, based on the individual views of experts or generated from a conceptualisation of trust in scicomm which may be still fuzzy and unclear. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper analyses the development of mobile Internet messaging and the opportunities it presents for journalism in Spain. It discusses whether or not a role will emerge for a specialized online journalist and identifies pure journalists and eproduction journalists as
the basic roles in an ideal online media production scenario. SMS (Short Message Service), WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and MMS (Multimedia Message Service) technologies are discussed as journalistic tools. The authors suggest that new media enable new formats, strategies and products
that need to be designed by journalists in collaboration with technical and design staff. This position is supported on the case study of El da en cinco imgenes (Today in five pictures), an MMS news service offered by La Vanguardia (a leading Spanish newspaper) and Amena (a Spanish
mobile company). Although new technologies pose new challenges for professional newsmaking, the article criticizes technological deterministic approaches to online journalism and argues that the main criteria of traditional journalism are still valid in the new media landscape.

This article explores two different but complementary theoretical approaches to frame innovation in online media: actor-network theory and community of practice.The principles and key concepts of each are presented and their suitability to the analysis of innovation in journalism is discussed through four newsroom cases.The findings demonstrate that these theories are efficient tools to understand and analyze the actors involved in innovation decisions in the newsroom, the dynamics of the negotiation and learning processes among the journalists and the factors constraining and fostering evolution when innovations are implemented or disregarded in the newsroom.

Reports show that media freedom is under pressure worldwide. Violence against journalists has a legal facet that takes the form of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) that aim at silencing critical speech. While in some countries there are legal protections against SLAPPs, in Europe a debate is only recently being carried out, mainly fostered by professional journalist associations and civil society. This article explores the role that European journalistic self-regulatory bodies perceive they (could) have in fighting SLAPPs, analysing 16 qualitative answers gathered via a questionnaire. Self-regulation has historically been a way to protect the independence of journalism and uphold its ethical standards. The open-ended responses help to understand how SLAPPs put into question the representations that media councils and professional associations use to construct their 'professional jurisdiction', and therefore, their 'territory' and the way in which they see their role in society. Our results provide food for thought on the handling of legal attacks against journalists.

Belgium was one of the first European countries to establish a local 'national' branch of the global Indymedia network. The diversity of those involved in this 'national movement' ultimately turned out to be both the strength of the original website and the cause of its decline. Indeed, due to political and organizational disagreement, many activists decided to create their own 'local' Independent Media Centre (IMC). This article distinguishes two perspectives on the role of Indymedia: the political activists saw Indymedia as a means to an end, as an instrument to discuss strategies and tactics, and to coordinate social movements and grassroots movements. The media activists, on the contrary, saw Indymedia as an end in itself, as a platform for civil society organizations to make their voices heard and facilitate democratic debate – in this vein, the experience of Indymedia.be was transformed into the alternative news site DeWereldMorgen.be. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This synopsis analyses from a media cluster perspective the characteristics of the media industry in Brussels and assesses the implications for the major policy intervention of the Brussels Capital Region in this industry: the mediapark.brussels, a 10-year urban and property development project at Reyers around the existing site of the public broadcasting companies VRT and RTBF. Our research results shed light on several clustering configurations in the Brussels media industry, highlight the diversity of the media workforce, and offer an overview of different models and activities of worker communities. The current policy framework for the mediapark.brussels project is outlined. The insights gained are used to assess the possible strategies for the project, considering that in Belgium, the media are a competence of the Communities and not of the Government of the Brussels Capital Region. We discuss the tension that manifests itself in the development of mediapark.brussels: tension between an urban and a cultural development, tension between local and international perspective, and tension between a wide-spectrum and a specialised media cluster. ; SCOPUS: re.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The Internet is both a challenge and an opportunity for media accountability. Newsrooms and citizens are adapting existing practices and developing new ones on news websites, weblogs and social media. This report offers the first comparative study on how these practices are being developed and perceived in thirteen countries in Europe (Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, United Kingdom), the Arab world (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia) and North America (USA). Through the analysis of data on the media systems and in-depth interviews with journalists, experts and activists, the study maps the initiatives performed by media organizations and explores media criticism projects promoted from outside the newsrooms. The concept of journalistic fields proposed by Bourdieu provides the contextual analysis of the diversity of countries. It articulates the relationships between the media and the political and economic fields to explain how they shape media accountability developments on the Internet. The role of media self-regulation institutions and the active user culture enabled by the Internet are other actors considered in the description of the tensions surrounding media accountability in the journalistic fields. In this context, the study suggests that media accountability online is being enacted in practices that vary from country to country depending on the perceptions of journalists and newsrooms about it, the interplay of accountability aims with economic and political goals of the media, and their positions in the dynamic struggle for credibility within the journalistic field. Few media accountability practices are widespread in the countries analyzed, and the actual developments are very uneven in terms of motivations, technical tools and workflows. The analysis shows that those countries where there are more active online practices (USA, UK) are some of those with lower trust of the public in the media. In other contexts, such as the Arab countries, the efforts towards media accountability are mainly led by those citizens and journalists that also struggle to democratize society. The challenges in Europe seem to be maintaining the autonomy of the journalistic field, and while practices within and outside media organizations are scarce and often not systematic and institutionalized, the study has found cases that highlight how the Internet can be an effective tool to promote ethical journalism by fostering transparency and responsiveness.

Comments in online news could be the contemporary enactment of the eighteenth-century cafés that founded public sphere. This article assesses to what extent do these forms of digital discussion fit in Habermas' principles for democratic debate, using his discursive ethics as a demanding normative benchmark. The sample of more than 15,000 comments was selected from the online versions of five national newspapers of record from different political and journalistic contexts: The Guardian (United Kingdom), Le Monde (France), The New York Times (United States), El País (Spain), and La Repubblica (Italy). The ethical guidelines and legal frameworks set up by the newspapers as well as their moderation strategies were considered to understand the different settings of the conversations. Two models of audience participation emerge from the analysis, one where communities of debate are formed based on mostly respectful discussions between diverse points of view and another of homogenous communities, in which expressing feelings about current events dominates the contributions and there is less of an argumentative debate.

The incorporation of plasmonic nanoconstructs in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), together with therapeutic drugs in a controlled procedure is of interest for different applications in Nanomedicine. Advanced hybrid nanomaterials can be engineered by combining the in situ formation of plasmonic palladium nanosheets (NSs) and the proper ionic nature of the encapsulated drug. This study presents a new procedure to synthesize hybrid nanostructures by a Pickering double emulsion. Anisotropic palladium (Pd) NSs with unique near-infrared (NIR)-optical properties can be assembled within a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid matrix of REF: RTI2018-099019-A-I00. R.A. acknowledges funding from the Spanish MICINN (project grant PID2019-104739GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), from the Government of Aragon (project DGA E13-20R), and from the European Union H2020 program "ESTEEM3" (No. 823717). ; Peer reviewed