Suchergebnisse

The corpus named law, the legal system consists of a series of complementary parts, which synchronized together give the whole idea of a system that is one of the main pillars of the state. The development of penalties was followed by dynamic fluctuations. Every epoch breathes its spirit into the legal system, which is especially 26emphasized in the punishment. It is impressive to look at the historical record of localized interpretations of the origins of criminal law. From the original draconian, through , cruel corporal and death sentences, to the original terrifying penitentiary institutions, we are considering the intention of every society to sanction "bad" behavior and protect the population and collective interests. Although many times history was witness of an interpretation of the law in favor of the government that maltreated its use, that led to a devolution of law. Although the first codes did not distinguish between penal and civil law, they still contributed of the foundations of the legal systems. The wide range of the ancient Ur- Nammu, Hammurabi's law, the ancient Solon's reforms, the Law of XII tables, through the innovative Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, through the first European Constitutions, to the contemporary progressive laws, we get the (de) evolution of the penalty Matter. The distinction between the common law and the euro continental legal systems contributes to the different application of the same matter. Seemingly, the same system, with the same elements in its use, can still be creatively used to benefit different profiles of individuals and collectivities. Gradual but reliable development has led to the creation of a new branch with international impurities known as international criminal law. Although the eminent maxim "justice is blind" in a number of cases has proved to be correct, yet justice, the legal systems, are one of the main pillars of society, democracy, faith in freedoms and rights. Therefore, the tendency to constantly work on progress, improvement of the legal system, as well as its implementation, are more than present in every country. Keywords: criminal law, history, legal systems, codes.

International humanitarian and military law, although a seemingly area that has already been well elaborated, there are certain "gaps" that make it always actual, more precisely a topic that requires a constant update to the new challenges, in order to prevent their escalation. The aim of this paper is precisely that to get into the core of this international law. But in order to do so, we must begin from the beginning, first to give a retroactive brief of the conception of international humanitarian / military law. What is the idea of creation, but more importantly, what is the process of strengthening and establishing international military / humanitarian law? How successful is the implementation of the same, is it just a formally written utopian piece of paper? What are the international documents that are "compulsory literature" in this area? Are the well known conventions respectable? These are just a part of the issues that are being addressed today in the face of many crises that are still waiting for answers. Answers that we will try to analyze. Keywords: war, conventions, international law, international custom, justicе

The mystery called cyber terrorism is far than just interesting to follow given the fact that it is dynamic, constantly modifies, changes the appearance forms, changes modus operandi, penetrates into areas that are crucial for the survival of the states themselves. The information invention is being abused for launching new unscrupulous wars, spreading xenophobic messages, stealing money, stealing stock exchanges, insider information . Almost no end to the enormous list of fields of penetration, problems started right with this kind of modern crime. The need for its prevention and the requirement of international cooperation and assistance, is more than alarming and needet for results that, although not utopian, will at least be satisfactory. Strangely, the issue of cyber crime and terrorism, although present in all countries, is still regulated differently. Which means different countries have a different system of regulation for dealing with this matter, as well as different legal incriminations. That's why a significant number of international documents had been adopted, and through them the world is trying to protect itself from cybercrime and cyber terrorism. But is their implementation at the state level as successful as expected? Is there a document with international force and global significance, in which all states would "be subdued" to protect themselves from digital terrorism? This paper will mention the most exposed cyber attacks, analyzing them through case studies, but inevitably we must open the topic of the (non) existence of adequate legislation that will incriminate the new global virtual problem. Do we need a Digital Geneva Convention, and what would it actually mean?

The crime is rooted in every society, a shadow that casts a dark spot on every historical record, a companion to every authority, an integral part of organized groups . Crime is like a source that will never dry out of water, that means no matter how much these problematic is being observed, still the flood of new modus operandi, new techniques will never end. It is like an inspiration for numerous films with bloody themes, as a muse of millions of circulations for dark books. Crime manifests so many things, everything, not just an obvious motive to end the scenario that causes it. Or maybe a wide range of different profiles benefit from the rapid growth of crime? Perhaps not only individuals but also large co-operatives are either branded, or pioneers in global politics, or are they part of its creators? So many questions are caused by this issue, and so few answers are worthy of standing with the challenge of preventing corruption and eliminating the harmful consequences caused by it. Тhe intention of this paper is to cover the newer, more recent forms of crime or otherwise the old criminal activities dressed in new clothes, with a new label acquired, and a new name. Namely, within the framework of unconventional crime, there are, among other things, forms of crime classified as crime of white, blue, pink collar, red crime and of course (un) exposed green crime. What do these colors mean, why exactly the color is that it relates to some kind of crime, what is symbolism, what is the meaning, what are the methods of prevention, whether these methods are enough to match the enormous harm caused by these classes of crime . These and many other issues will be addressed in this paper in order to capture the structure of crime, its evolution, covering Key words: incriminations, unconventional crime .

Who has the exact sovereigntyto every particular piece of territory, water or air space on our planet? What is the status and the relationship between the states, political entities, dependent territories, international organizations and supranational unions? What is the true meaning of the term's territorial identity, spatial identity and the political geography? It is with these questions that Igor Okunev opens his passionate plea of why we should care about the geo-politics or Political Geography as he names it. Contrary to popular belief, the author argues, "the spatiality of politics is determined by factors beyond objective ones."

The European Constitution, a difficult reality or an unattainable utopia onEuropean soil? A question that is often asked, but does not get an appropriate answer . Opinions and views are divided on how possible it is to establish and create aquality European Constitution that will be realistically implemented in practice.According to some European leaders, the goal of adopting the European Constitutionwas to promise a stronger, united European Union, which would provide clarityand transparency, but also create more opportunities for improved coordination andsynchronization of common policies. The creation of the so-called Penelope Projecthad high hopes for a potential further promising Europe. But referendums in severalcountries have led to a turning point and contradictions. The fiasco with the Treatyestablishing a European Constitution has revealed skepticism on the issue. It was"hidden" by the Lisbon Treaty, but how productive was that solution?This and a number of other issues related to the historical background to theidea of a European Constitution will be elaborated. A short briefing will be givenon the failed agreement, as well as possible prospects for re-creation of the famousEuropean Constitution.

: In the Republic of Macedonia, the first child conceived with IVF procedure was born by a woman - a gestational carrier (a surrogate). This is a novelty in the legislation of the Republic of Macedonia when the amendments to the Law on Biomedicine and Assisted Fertilization from 2014 introduced this way of "creating a family". However, in the Republic of Macedonia as one conservative country, on the one hand, it is surprising the entry into force of such provisions and their application in practice, and on the other hand, the adoption of such amendments and modifications were not enough media coverage. In the further discussion in this paper, we will not take a conservative view of whether the introduction of surrogacy is justified or not, but we will do our utmost to explain in an objective way the positive and negative aspects of this concept. Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproduction that helps potential parents to establish a family when they can not do so in another way.In general, two types of surrogacy are distinguished: traditional and surrogacy by a mother - a gestational carrier. Throughout the work, these two types of assisted insemination will be considered in more detail. For the time being, the Republic of Macedonia is allowed the second way of assisted fertilization, and as far as the commercial aspect is concerned, only altruistic surrogacy is permitted. But not everywhere in the world is so. Greater analysis of the legal orders of certain states, legislation, and the cultural moment, which in certain cases was decisive for the acceptance or prohibition of this concept, is needed. Furthermore, there is the ethical moment as well as the punitive and legal point that prevails in certain societies, so this kind of reproduction is forbidden, and if it comes to practice, it can be brought under the very essence of the crime of trafficking in human beings. The feminist point of view is equally relevant, as are the other aspects because we live in a society where we still do not have any behavior that would emphasize gender equality in practice. In the paper, the conditions and procedure for this way of biomedical subcutaneous insemination in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as our personal views on this topic, will be explained. We think that in order to fully accept this concept and strive for the liberalization of the so-liberal Law on Biomedical Assisted Fertilization, it is necessary to "see" both sides of the medal, to clearly understand the positive sides, but to pay attention to all negativities, wanting to avoid a certain scenario that resembles a dystopian society created in the literary world of Margaret Etwood, in order to finally draw a rational conclusion that goes in favor of the common good. Key words: BPO, motherhood, legislation, an embryo, gestational carrier.

Human rights - a synonym for equality, non-discrimination, equal rights . among other things, that refers to normal equality between men and women. It's skillfully designed perfectly and theoretically, but catastrophically applied practically . This can start a story that has no beginning, and unfortunately in the foreseeable future there is no end, not only to the unequal valorization of female labor on an equal level with the male, but far more worse scenario for women victim of violence. The number of international documents that are trying to deal with this global problem, is enormous. They are trying to reverse or reduce the harmful consequences that the women bear as well . But the illusion is in the fact that the bigger the number of the conventions is, the violence against them is rising rapidly. So a series of questions arise, why this is so, where the competent institutions are evading, how (un) successful the legislation is, what is the impact of the unwritten law, whether new incriminations are needed .? A long series of questions that do not have adequate answers . until the Istanbul Convention appears? Will this new piece of paper with an international nickname change something? What and how is it regulated? What measures have been implemented in other countries under the influence of this convention? And Macedonia also did not remain immune to the new international challenge, to try to ratify and change something for better in the national legislation. But what as a country have we undertaken, what protection can be provided for victims of violence, are corrections made through the prism of law?