Suchergebnisse

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter referred to as the " CISG" ) has been regarded as the most important uniform international law for the sale of goods so far. China signed the CISG on 30 September 1981 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 11 December 1986. As of 1 January 1988, the CISG became effective in relation to China. According to the statistics of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as the "WTO") issued in April 2005,1China's exports and imports of merchandise ranked the fourth and third respectively in the world in year 2003. China's shares in the world total merchandise exports and imports of 2003 were 5.8% and 5.3%, respectively. According to the WTO news,2in 2004 China became the largest merchandise trader in Asia, and the third largest exporter and importer in world merchandise trade. China's shares in the world total merchandise exports and imports of 2004 respectively reached 6.5% and 5.9%. Evidently, China has been playing a role of increasing importance in the world trade including the trade of goods. Considering that the Contracting States of the CISG include other leading trading states, especially U.S., Germany and the Republic of Korea, which are also the main trade partners of China, the CISG accordingly deserves increasing attention in China from the Chinese side.3 Chinese governmental and judicial bodies have been aware of the importance and the potential influence of the CISG ever since 1987. Before the CISG came into force, the then Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (the predecessor of the Ministry of Commerce, hereinafter referred to as "MOFTEC" ) issued a notice on 22 January 19874 requesting relevant governmental agencies and companies to make preparation for the forthcoming CISG's entry into force in relation to China, including but not limited to, to comply with the CISG, to study the CISG, to modify and complete the standard contracts then in use, and to keep aware of the developments of the number of the Contracting States of the CISG. On 4 December 1987, the then MOFTEC further circulated a notice on certain issues meriting attention regarding implementation of the CISG,5 which was shortly endorsed by the Supreme People's Court on 10 December 1987.6 Since the CISG entered into force, more and more courts and arbitral rulings in which the CISG has been applied have been reported in the past years.7

With the rapid development in the field of computer vision, the vision-based approach to unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tracking and landing technology in weak global positioning system (GPS) or GPS-free environments has become prominent in military and civilian missions. However, this technique still suffers from problems such as interference by similar targets in the environment, low tracking accuracy, slow processing speed, and poor stability. To solve these problems, we propose the designated target anti-interference tracking (DTAT) method, which integrates YOLOv5 and SiamRPN, and built a system to achieve UAV tracking and the landing of a designated target in an environment with multiple interference targets. The system consists of the following parts: first, an image is acquired by a monocular camera to obtain the pixel position information of the designated target. Next, the position of the UAV relative to the target is estimated based on the pixel location information of the target and the known target size information. Finally, the discrete proportion integration differentiation (PID) control law is used to complete the target tracking and landing task of the UAV. To test the system performance, we deployed it on a robot operating system (ROS) platform, conducted many simulation experiments, and observed the real-time trajectories of the UAV and the target through Gazebo software. The results show that the relative distance between the UAV and the target during the tracking process when the target was moving at 0.6 m/s does not exceed 0.8 m, and the landing error of the UAV during the landing process after the target is stationary does not exceed 0.01 m. The results validate the effectiveness and robustness of the system and lay a foundation for subsequent research.

Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, is facing serious air pollution challenges&mdash ; especially during the cold and long winter months&mdash ; mainly due to fossil fuel combustion. This study investigates the socioeconomic drivers of the sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration changes in Ulaanbaatar between 2005 and 2015 by applying the index decomposition analysis (IDA) method. Five socio-economic driving forces are considered in the decomposition analysis. All the driving forces contributed to more air pollution concentration changes in 2015 than in 2005, despite the decreasing trends of decomposition results for the period of 2010&ndash ; 2015. In general, economic growth, pollution intensity, and energy intensity significantly contributed to the changes of air pollutant concentrations, while energy structure and population growth had marginal effects. Finally, appropriate policy recommendations are proposed to the local government so that they can initiate feasible policies to effectively reduce air pollution, protect human health, and respond to climate change in Ulaanbaatar.

In an era of VUCA, strategic flexibility may play a greater role for a company to achieve competitive advantage than innovation. Based on an integrated social network and absorptive capacity perspective, this article proposes a conceptual model in which the local firm's strategic flexibility is affected by its position in global production network and its internal absorptive capacity. Using a sample of 276 local manufacturers located in the Yangtze River Delta, China, the roles of social networks and absorptive capacity in strategic flexibility are identified, and the results indicate that by occupying a central and strong-tie-abundant network position, local firms can gain more resource flexibility; and absorptive capacity possessed by a local firm plays an active role in coordination flexibility.

This study conducts an empirical study on the relationship between knowledge coupling and organizational resilience based on the knowledge-based view. Meanwhile, market orientation is considered a moderating variable because of its role in this transmission mechanism. The hypotheses are tested through a survey of 359 Chinese manufacturing firms. The results show that both complementary knowledge coupling and substitutive knowledge coupling have significant positive impacts on organizational resilience, and the proactive market orientation positively moderates the relationship between complementary/substitutive knowledge coupling and organizational resilience, while the responsive market orientation negatively moderates the relationship between complementary knowledge coupling and organizational resilience. In the context of the current globalization of the COVID-19 epidemic, this study explores the critical factors needed to survive and develop by firms in adversity, which enriches the research on organizational resilience and market orientation theory and provides suggestions for firms' strategic planning.

PurposeSupplier–supplier coopetition is vital to buyer innovation in reality. However, it has not received enough attention in prior research. Integrating the ability-motivation-opportunity framework of organizational learning perspective and the awareness-motivation-capability framework of competitive dynamics theory, this paper investigates the effect of supplier–supplier coopetition within supplier network on buyer innovation, as well as the contingent role of the relational attributes -- duration and tie strength dispersion of buyer–suppliers relationship at the supplier network level.Design/methodology/approachTesting this model on the secondary data of supply networks formed by 204 US listed buyer firms in SIC code 28, 35, 36 during 2008–2019, the authors utilize a fixed-effect regression model to investigate the relationship between supplier–supplier coopetition and the focal buyer's innovation.FindingsThe authors provide support for the positive influence of supplier–supplier cooperation on buyer innovation and an inverted U-shaped relationship between supplier–supplier competition and the focal buyer's innovation. The buyer–suppliers tie strength dispersion amplified the above two effects, and supplier–supplier cooperation mitigates the effect of supplier–supplier competition on the focal buyer's innovation.Originality/valueExtending the traditional dyadic view to a network-level view via linking the supplier–supplier dyad and the buyer–suppliers dyad, this paper contributes to a better understanding of supplier–supplier coopetition and its impact on buyer innovation with learning and competitive tension as the underlying explanations, and validates the contingent role of buyer–suppliers relational attributes.