For the past ten years or so, numerous studies have questioned our consumption of food of animal origin. The impacts of animal husbandry on the environment, the effects on human health of excessive consumption of red meat and cold meats as well as ethical concerns towards animals have changed the image of these products. However, few studies have analyzed their quality in its various dimensions. This is what this book proposes, which takes the main lessons of a collective scientific expertise coordinated by INRAE in 2020. It jointly characterizes the organoleptic, nutritional, health, technological, commercial, usage and image properties of these foods. Covering the entire food manufacturing chain, it points out the breeding and processing factors influencing quality and underlines the possible antagonisms or synergies between the dimensions of quality and between the different stages of product development. The authors also compare the specific commitments of products with quality signs (organic, Red Label, PDO, IGP, STG).
Objet privilégié des politiques agricoles nationales depuis vingt ans, le centre-ouest brésilien a vu ses transformations agraires rythmées par l'avancée de différents fronts pionniers. La petite région de Silvania d'abord colonisée par des chercheurs d'or, débute, au XIXème siècle, une agriculture de défriche-brûlis dans les zones de forêt et un élevage bovin extensif sur les plateaux. Les grands domaines dominent l'espace. La progression de l'économie marchande va dynamiser l'agriculture familiale. Pourtant en 1960, la pression démographique et l'épuisement des terres cultivées menacent le mode d'exploitation du milieu. L'introduction d'intrants chimiques et d'équipements motorisés bouleversent le paysage agraire. Les plateaux sont aujourd'hui valorisés par des exploitations patronales de grandes cultures et d'élevage bovin. Les régions vallonnées abritent surtout des exploitations familiales de polyculture-élevage dont les niveaux d'intensification sont divers. La crise économique et les risques d'ordre agronomique atteignent aujourd'hui les catégories d'exploitations de façon différenciée. Une telle étude remet en perspective l'analyse d'une agriculture locale. Mais elle doit être complétée pour alimenter une démarche de recherche-action soucieuse d'un développement régional harmonieux
Rapport de l'expertise scientifique collective ; Dans le cadre de l'élaboration du Programme national de l'alimentation (PNA), l'INRA a réalisé, à la demande du ministère de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et de la pêche, une expertise sur les pratiques et comportements alimentaires en France. Ce rapport présente un état des lieux de l'ensemble des connaissances scientifiques disponibles sur les comportements alimentaires en vue d'éclairer les pouvoirs publics dans les actions à mener auprès des consommateurs, en relation avec tous les acteurs de la chaîne alimentaire.
Rapport de l'expertise scientifique collective ; Dans le cadre de l'élaboration du Programme national de l'alimentation (PNA), l'INRA a réalisé, à la demande du ministère de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et de la pêche, une expertise sur les pratiques et comportements alimentaires en France. Ce rapport présente un état des lieux de l'ensemble des connaissances scientifiques disponibles sur les comportements alimentaires en vue d'éclairer les pouvoirs publics dans les actions à mener auprès des consommateurs, en relation avec tous les acteurs de la chaîne alimentaire.
Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and impacts. Livestock management also appeared to be a key driver of bundles of services in prospective scenarios. These scenarios simulate a breakaway from current production, legislation (e.g. the use of food waste to fatten pigs) and consumption trends (e.g. halving animal protein consumption across Europe). Overall, strategies that combine a reduction of inputs, of the use of crops from arable land to feed livestock, of food waste and of meat consumption deliver a more sustainable food future. Livestock as part of this sustainable future requires further enhancement, quantification and communication of the services provided by livestock farming to society, which calls for the following: (i) a better targeting of public support, (ii) more precise quantification of bundles of services and (iii) better information to consumers and assessment of their willingness to pay for these services.
Data used to propose a typology of European livestock production areas in Figure 2 are available online at https://doi.org/10.15454/O78MYF (Dumont et al., 2018). No software was generated at part of the outcomes of this literature review. ; International audience ; Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and ...
Data used to propose a typology of European livestock production areas in Figure 2 are available online at https://doi.org/10.15454/O78MYF (Dumont et al., 2018). No software was generated at part of the outcomes of this literature review. ; International audience ; Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and ...
Data used to propose a typology of European livestock production areas in Figure 2 are available online at https://doi.org/10.15454/O78MYF (Dumont et al., 2018). No software was generated at part of the outcomes of this literature review. ; International audience ; Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and ...
Data used to propose a typology of European livestock production areas in Figure 2 are available online at https://doi.org/10.15454/O78MYF (Dumont et al., 2018). No software was generated at part of the outcomes of this literature review. ; International audience ; Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and ...
Data used to propose a typology of European livestock production areas in Figure 2 are available online at https://doi.org/10.15454/O78MYF (Dumont et al., 2018). No software was generated at part of the outcomes of this literature review. ; International audience ; Livestock is a major driver in most rural landscapes and economics, but it also polarises debate over its environmental impacts, animal welfare and human health. Conversely, the various services that livestock farming systems provide to society are often overlooked and have rarely been quantified. The aim of analysing bundles of services is to chart the coexistence and interactions between the various services and impacts provided by livestock farming, and to identify sets of ecosystem services (ES) that appear together repeatedly across sites and through time. We review three types of approaches that analyse associations among impacts and services from local to global scales: (i) detecting ES associations at system or landscape scale, (ii) identifying and mapping bundles of ES and impacts and (iii) exploring potential drivers using prospective scenarios. At a local scale, farming practices interact with landscape heterogeneity in a multi-scale process to shape grassland biodiversity and ES. Production and various ES provided by grasslands to farmers, such as soil fertility, biological regulations and erosion control, benefit to some extent from the functional diversity of grassland species, and length of pasture phase in the crop rotation. Mapping ES from the landscape up to the EU-wide scale reveals a frequent trade-off between livestock production on one side and regulating and cultural services on the other. Maps allow the identification of target areas with higher ecological value or greater sensitivity to risks. Using two key factors (livestock density and the proportion of permanent grassland within utilised agricultural area), we identified six types of European livestock production areas characterised by contrasted bundles of services and ...
Facing a growing and more affluent world population, changing climate and finite natural resources, world food systems will have to change in the future. The aim of the Agrimonde-Terra foresight study was to build global scenarios linking land use and food security, with special attention paid to overlooked aspects such as nutrition and health, in order to help explore the possible future of the global food system. In this article, we seek to highlight how the resulting set of scenarios contributes to the debate on land use and food security and enlarges the range of possible futures for the global food system. We highlight four main contributions. Combining a scenario building method based on morphological analysis and quantitative simulations with a tractable and simple biomass balance model, the proposed approach improves transparency and coherence between scenario narratives and quantitative assessment. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios comprise a wide range of alternative diets, with contrasting underlying nutritional and health issues, which accompany contrasting urbanization and rural transformation processes, both dimensions that are lacking in other sets of global scenarios. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios share some similarities with existing sets of global scenarios, notably the SSPs, but are usually less optimistic regarding agricultural land expansion up to 2050. Results suggest that changing global diets toward healthier patterns could also help to limit the expansion in agricultural land area. Agrimonde-Terra's scenarios enlarge the scope of possible futures by proposing two pathways that are uncommon in other sets of global scenarios. The first proposes to explore possible reconnection of the food industry and regional production within supranational regional blocs. The second means that we should consider that a 'perfect storm', induced by climate change and an ecological crisis combined with social and economic crises, is still possible. Both scenarios should be part of the debate as the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic shows.
L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants.
L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants.
L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants.
L'élevage transforme l'azote des végétaux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de déjections, qui peuvent être utilisées comme engrais. Toutefois le développement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires à une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphère. Cette problématique est traitée depuis une vingtaine d'années par les politiques européennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des élevages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les échelles pertinentes d'action pour réduire les émissions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en préservant la compétitivité des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivé de la part des ministères en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprès de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les différents flux d'azote associés aux activités d'élevage. Nous relatons ici les éléments majeurs concernant l'élevage des ruminants.
