Suchergebnisse

На основі опрацювання наукових публікацій, законодавчих норм щодо просторового планування в Австрії, територіального планування в Україні, їх зіставленні, виявлено, що система планування території останньої потребує концептуальних змін. Запропоновано перейти на ієрархічну систему територіального планування, відмовитись від розмежування на містобудівне й землевпорядне територіальне планування та оновити інструменти цього процесу на місцевому рівні (на рівні територіальних громад).Ключові слова: територіальне планування, територіальні громади, просторове планування, рівні планування, територіальний розвиток ; Scientific publications, legislation on spatial planning in Ukraine and spatial planning in Austria are analysed.Ukrainian spatial planning system is divided into urban planning and land management planning.According to the Law of Ukraine "On regulation of urban development" urban planning documentation is developed for: the entire territory of Ukraine, the region (a part of Ukraine's territory) and as well for settlements and their parts.According to the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" most land management documents are developed on the local level.Only two types of land management documentation are developedon the regional level, namely: a) land management schemes and feasibility studies of land use and land protection of administrative units; b) land management projects for the establishment (changing) of the boundaries of administrative units. Such projects as land management projects on ordering the territory for urban needs and land management projects on ordering the residential areas are developed on the local level.Other land management documentation is developed for a particular land parcel (setting boundaries, separation, change of purpose and so on.), or has a narrow specialization (area organization of agricultural land parcels, or providing the environmental and economic assessment of crop rotation). It's found that almost all planning tolls belong to urban planning.Austrian spatial planning has three levels with clear division of competences in all areas. Planning occurs at the level of the federal government, the federal land and the community. Also nominal spatial planning and professional planning in various fields, which has a significant impact on the environment is defined. Analysis of planning competencies at various levels shows that the lower the level of planning, the higher competence in nominal spatial planning and the lower in professional planning.At first a concept of local development which contains the ideas and goals of development without a clear spatial reference (so-called vision of future) is developed. Based on this concept a plan for targeted purposes is developed.It clearly defines the boundaries of land parcelswith appropriate purpose. The next step is to make a plan of development for areas that are designated for residential, public or industrial building.This plan put restrictions and requirements for newbuildings,namely for their superficiality, compactness, density and possible use. Like the planning hierarchy, there is also a hierarchy of planning and cartographic materials of all planning levels.During the process of comparing the approaches to spatial planning in Austria and spatial planning in Ukraine was found that the spatial planning system of Ukraine requires conceptual changes.Therefore, it is proposed to upgrade the system of spatial planning to a hierarchical system, to refuse from separation of urbanplanning and spatial planning and land management and to update the tolls of this process at the local level (at the level of local communities).It is proposed instead of the Master Plan of settlement, which in the present conditions of land relations reforming is not able to ensure the effective planning processes to implement a plan for target purposes and restrictions for the entire community and to develop on this basis detailed plans for areas designated for built up. This approach will provide a unified system of spatial planning for the successful development of both urban and rural communities.Keywords: spatial planning, municipalities, planning levels, local development.

Scientific publications, legislation on spatial planning in Ukraine and spatial planning in Austria are analysed.Ukrainian spatial planning system is divided into urban planning and land management planning.Urban development field belongs lion's share of planning tools, while in Ukraine is only about 4% of the land is built-up. Comprehensive conceptual spatial planning is inherently absent in Ukraine. Only single brancheshave tools for conceptual planning on the nationallevel, and therefore planning effectiveness is negligible.The existing system in Ukraine is in its essence the legacy of Soviet planning system, the aim of which was to establish production processes and the use of everything that can be used for economic purposes. Also, it can't effectively respond to modern trends in social and economic spheres.The lack of conceptual planning system also leads to inconsistent planning actions between different sectors, making it impossible to fully realize the ideas of actors from different spheres. Another obstacle is the lack of real long-term impact tools (approved at the state level planning and forecasting documents). So on a practical level, most of the decisions are more situational and not promising.Austria'ssystem of spatial planninghas tools which provide conceptual planning at the federal level. Every decade Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning (ÖROK)is convened. The conference develops and approvesAustrian Spatial Development Concept for 10 years (ÖREK).This concept is not a directly applicable law and does not require its implementation, but its implementation is achieved by the fact that it's developed in cooperation of the entire country and everyone feels responsibility for compliance and implementation of these ideas.By comparing approaches to spatial planning in Austria and spatial planning in Ukraine, it's found that the planning system of Ukraine requires conceptual changes.It is important to create a collective body under the Cabinet of Ministers, which would develop the concept of spatial development of Ukraine. The Law of Ukraine "On the general scheme of planning the territory of Ukraine" should be amended to make this toolnot narrow specialized but general, comprehensive and the one which put a human in its centre.It is also necessary to amend the Law of Ukraine "On Land Management" and "On regulation of urban development" to systematize planning tools. It is important that the concept of "spatial planning" would be regulated by these laws and would becomea new meaning.Keywords: land use planning, spatial planning, territorial planning. ; Значна увага приділена опрацюванню правового врегулювання просторового і територіального планування землекористування як в Україні, так і Австрійській республіці. Встановлено, що система територіального планування є доволі таки складною, поділеною на містобудівну та землевпорядну й неефективною у прийнятті рішень при плануванні використанні земель в Україні. У цьому зв'язку запропоновано запровадити просторове планування як ефективний інструмент управління землекористуванням, який забезпечуватиме раціональність землекористування в нинішніх умовах і в перспективі та врегулювати поняття «просторове планування» на законодавчому рівніКлючові слова: планування використання земель, просторове планування, територіальне планування

Article determine the essence of the definition of "region", defined types of regions. In general, we can distinguish four types of regions, formed to implement the tasks under different direction: a) homogeneous regions (formed on the basis of common characteristics – mountain region, economically developed / underdeveloped region and so on.). b) functional regions (formed by determining the basic type of economic activity – touristic region, agricultural region, etc.). c) administrative regions (formed by pre-defined criteria for performing administrative functions in a particular area – district, local council, etc.). d) personal perception regions (based on personal values – Homeland and so on.). The focus of this publication focuses on the study of rural regions.As a result of studies is found that the population of Ukraine decreased by about 7 million Inhabitants. In 1993 there was 52.2 million of people, and in 2016 dropped to 42.7 million (temporary occupied territories excluded). Determined that the most influential factors are the degradation of rural region's economic and demographic crisis (can be both a cause and consequence of each other). In this regard, the worsening of demographic situation is the biggest problem, because without human resources economic growth can't be achieved.For more profound understanding of the problem we used the spiral of negative developed of communities/regions proposed by Austrian scientists G. Weber and T. Fisher. It indicates the relationship between adverse events and their sequence. This choice is not accidental, because the spiral indicates that this is a progressive movement that eventually accelerated and the difficulty of stopping the negative processes increases not arithmetically but geometrically.Therefore, developing regional programs of rural development moderators (selected and trained specialists who work in the region) cooperate with the heads of communities and local residents. Thus, they try to form a regional identity, create the region's brand, develop a regional strategy, promote regional products both within the region and outside, try to make the region attractive for tourist.It is determined that monopolized agricultural production is a significant constraint for the development of rural areas in Ukraine. It is difficult to rely on the development of the community in which most of agricultural lands are used by huge agricultural holdings, which displace locals from the region. Moreover, the government policy in the agricultural sector contributes fully to them and that is disastrous for the state in the long term. For comparison, the average area of agricultural enterprise in Austria is approximately 43 hectares and added value in the region is much higher than in Ukraine.For more effective rural development it is proposed to develop a long-term national development strategy for depressive territories, because preservation of the existing state monopolization strategy will provoke even greater demographic crisis.It is as well necessary to eliminate the corruption risks that are present in all programs financed by public funds. In this regard, it is important that those who make decisions about the allocation of funds were not linked with the beneficiary regions and specific applicants.Keywords: regional development, rural areas, deprived areas, regional development programs, national development strategies ; Розкрито сутність дефініції «регіон», визначено типи регіонів. На підставі проведеного аналізу запропонованої австрійськими науковцями спіралі негативного розвитку громад або регіонів доведено, що саме погіршення демографічної ситуації в Україні суттєво впливає на їх економічний розвиток. Оцінено роль міжнародних програм регіонального розвитку в країнах ЄС та надано пропозиції із формування довготривалої Національної стратегії розвитку депресивних територій, регіональних програм розвитку як важливих інструментів спрямованих на фокусування людського ресурсу здатного формувати додану вартість у регіонах.Ключові слова: регіональний розвиток, сільські регіони, депресивні території, регіональні програми розвитку, Національні стратегії розвитку

Large-scale government interventions in cereal markets supported by public stocks have been a central part of food policy in the Indian sub-content since the days of British colonial India. Following the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, during which an estimated three million people died of hungerrelated causes, the colonial government instituted a system of government sales and distribution of cereals designed to help ensure minimum food consumption for poor households (Sen 1982). Public distribution systems continued in both India and Pakistan following independence in 1947. The famine conditions in 1972-74 that followed the liberation war and Bangladesh's independence in December 1971 strongly reinforced the perceived need for major public interventions to ensure food security (see Ahmed, Haggblade, and Chowdhury 2000). ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4; PRSSP; CRP2 ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Despite reforms in early 2021, including a devaluation of the currency and a liberalization of imports, there remain significant distortions in Sudan's wheat value chain, especially related to subsidized sales prices of flatbread. This flatbread subsidy, a key component of wheat policy, is not well-targeted. Calculations based on 2009 national household survey data and current 2021 prices and wheat supply show that urban poor households annually receive slightly less from this subsidy than urban non-poor households (18,900 and 20,800 SDG/capita). Rural poor households receive only 2,700 SDG/capita. This paper presents the results of several simulations of a partial equilibrium model of Sudan's wheat economy that are designed to analyze the impacts of recent shocks and various policy options. Model simulations show that increased wheat imports, such as those financed by food aid, add to supplies for processing into wheat flour, flatbread, and other wheat products, resulting in lower prices for consumers and increased consumption, but also disincentives for production. A 300,000 ton increase in wheat imports, as occurred in early 2021, results in an 8 percent increase in wheat consumption and a 35 percent decline in the market price of non-flatbread wheat products. Production falls by 12 percent. Since flatbread prices are unchanged, wheat consumption of the urban poor, for whom flatbread is the major wheat product consumed, increases by only 4 percent. Raising flatbread prices by 30 percent to reduce the size of the fiscal subsidy reduces total consumption of flatbread by 17 percent and sharply reduces wheat consumption and real incomes of the urban poor. All households suffer a loss of 41 to 45 percent in the value of flatbread subsidies received. The urban poor experience the largest decline in total consumption of wheat (14 percent) and in total income (11 percent). (The average total income loss for all households is only 3 percent.) Reducing the flatbread subsidy without a compensating income transfer would significantly reduce the welfare of the urban poor and likely threaten political stability. Our results suggest that a combination of key wheat policies involving high levels of imports – including injection of food aid wheat into the economy in late 2020 – and subsidized flatbread will significantly benefit urban poor households. Nonetheless, the are important data gaps on several aspects of the wheat sector, including no recent nationally representative household expenditure survey data. In addition, greater transparency, including publication of quantities and prices of government purchases, sales of wheat and wheat flour, and quantities and prices of subsidized flatbread across the country has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of the entire wheat sector. As shown in this paper, Sudan's wheat policies in recent years, such as increased wheat imports, price subsidies in the wheat value chain, and low prices of flatbread, have in general favored consumers, to the detriment of producers. These interventions in the wheat value chain, especially those related to subsidies on flatbread, have especially large effects on the welfare of urban households, making these policies particularly politically sensitive. However, they have entailed high fiscal costs, threatening macro-economic stability and crowding out other possible investments to promote growth and poverty reduction. Careful policy analysis and ongoing monitoring of outcomes and new developments will be needed to help guide the important choices ahead. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; SSSP ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

The analysis of the current Classification of types of intended purposes of land use is carried out. It is established that the existing 2-level Classification does not meet the modern requirements for monitoring land relations and the norms of current land legislation. The structure and content of the 4-level Classifier of typesof intended purposes of land use are proposed, which allows to determine in detail the type of permitted land use.It is established that the current classifier does not distinguish between the form of management and the type of land use. This issue is especially evident in the example of agricultural land, in which case the types of intended purposes indicate the legal form of landowner or user, rather than regulating the direct use of land. The proposed 4-level classifier is able to distinguish between the form of management and the type of land use.In forming this Classifier, the principles of complexity, systematicity, exhaustiveness, hierarchy and legality are taken into account; requirements of automated technologies for maintaining the State Land Cadastre and remote methods of land monitoring are considered, comprehensive and systematic methodological approaches in compliance with current domestic land legislation and relevant bylawsare applied; principles of openness and manufacturability, as well as recommendations of international organizationsare taken into account.Key words: agricultural lands, classifier, classes, types of purpose of land plots. ; Проведено аналіз чинної Класифікації видів цільового призначення земель. Встановлено, що існуюча 2-рівнева Класифікація не відповідає сучасним вимогам здійснення моніторингу земельних відносин та нормам чинного земельного законодавства. Запропоновано структуру та зміст 4-рівневого Класифікатора видів цільового призначення земельних ділянок, який дозволяє більш детально визначити спосіб дозволеного використання земель.Встановлено, що чинний класифікатор не розмежовує форму господарювання та вид використання земельних ділянок. Дана проблематика особливо проявляється на прикладі сільськогосподарських земель, у випадку яких цільові призначення саме вказують на форму господарювання землевласника та землекористування, а не регулюють безпосереднє використання земельної ділянки. Запропонований 4-рівневий класифікатор здатний розмежувати форму господарювання та вид використання земельних ділянок.При формуванні цього Класифікатора враховані принципи комплексності, системності, вичерпності, ієрархічності та законності; вимоги автоматизованих технологій ведення Державного земельного кадастру та дистанційних методів моніторингу земель, застосовано комплексний та системний методичні підходи з дотриманням норм чинного вітчизняного земельного законодавства і відповідних підзаконних актів; принципи відкритості та технологічності, а також враховано рекомендації міжнародних організацій.Ключові слова: сільськогосподарські землі, класифікатор, класи, види цільового призначення земельних ділянок.

Проаналізовано нормативно-правові акти та наукові публікації щодо проведення розподілу (перерозподілу) земель за цільовим призначенням та видами використання на прикладі землекористувань установ та підприємств Національної академії аграрних наук України (далі - НААН). Встановлено, що в чинному законодавстві відсутній вид документації із землеустрою, щодо вирішення питань розподілу (перерозподіл) земель за видами використання. Враховувати специфіку використання земель землекористувань установ та підприємств НААН, що мають у своєму складі земельні ділянки, дослідні поля, розсадники, цінні землі для ведення наукових досліджень ,що необхідно враховувати при розробленні документації із землеустрою. Обгрунтовано необхідність запровадження наукового обґрунтування щодо визначення цільового призначення та виду використання, як розділу в документації із землеустрою Запропоновано структуру, зміст та склад документації із землеустрою де запропоновано розділ основних положень розподілу (перерозподілу) земель за видами використання в системі землекористувань установ та підприємств НААН.Ключові слова: землеустрій, наукове обґрунтування, розподіл (перерозподіл) земель, науково-дослідне землекористування. ; The normative legal acts and scientific publications on the distribution (redistribution) of land by purpose and types of use are analyzed on the example of land uses of institutions and enterprises of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (hereinafter - NAAS). It is established that in the current legislation there is no type of documentation on land management, concerning the decision of questions of distribution (redistribution) of land by types of use. To take into account the specifics of land use by the NAAS institutions and enterprises, which have land plots, research fields, nurseries, valuable lands for scientific research, which should be taken into account when developing documentation on land management.The necessity of introducing scientific justification for determining the purpose and type of use as a section in the land documentation documentation is proposed.Keywords: land management, scientific justification, land distribution (redistribution), research land use.

The article clarifies the key features of the implementation of projects within the framework of PESCO and their prospects, taking into account the coronavirus pandemic and the fact that the Russian-Ukrainian war since 2014 has gone beyond the regional framework and affected the foundations of international and European security. It also analyzes the PESCO Strategic Review 2020 and the guidelines for the PESCO next phase (2021–2025) in terms of overall purpose, key policy objectives, processes, and incentives to improve the implementation of more pressing commitments. The paper emphasizes that, according to the Strategic Review, 26 out of 46 projects will have been fully completed by 2025. These projects include a cyber academy and innovation centre, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear surveillance, crisis response operations, secure software-configured radio communications, medical command, military mobility, a network of logistics centres, and rapid response teams in cyberspace. The author has singled out the challenges on the way to the implementation of PESCO projects. It is about the disparity and inconsistency of such projects, the duration of their implementation and the need for coordination, financial challenges for the security and defence of the EU caused by both, the pandemic and the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine. It is important that PESCO needs a clear transition to eliminate the shortcomings of strategic potential and openness for the full participation of non-EU members, including the UK. The establishment of PESCO is related to an ultimate need of a more effective defence of Europe, as well as significant results providing enhanced actions' coordination and cooperation in the field of investment, capacity building and operational readiness. Expanded cooperation in these areas will allow reducing the number of different weapon systems in Europe and, as a result, will strengthen the operational interaction among the member states of the European Union. At the same time, these projects should be flexible and provide the opportunity for a growing number of states (mainly, associated ones or candidate countries including Ukraine) to fully participate.

The author analyses factors and tendencies that determine and testify the post-truth manifestations in the contemporary political process, and emphasizes that there were only some manifestations of post-truth in politics in the past. The main subjects of the spread of post-truth, as well as the problems caused by this phenomenon, have been identified. There are factors of strengthening the post-truth at the present stage: social and technological, political, economic and scientific. The author identifies an interrelated trends that jointly undermine the ability to acquire true information and exacerbate the phenomena of post-truth, among them: spreading and increasing the influence of disinformation and propaganda; rejection of well-established scientific claims; placing personal belief and experience above facts and evidence; declining trust in institutional and official providers of information; increasing fragmentation and polarization of information consumption etc. In general, these factors and tendencies form an atmosphere where an intellectual values (truth, accuracy, justice and openness) are difficult to achieve. Although the phenomena of post-truth are not historically new, their scale – present and future – may be greater than before. The author argues the necessity for comprehensive research on the post-truth manifestations in contemporary political discourse, search for models to minimize their negative impact, clarify the role of contemporary political information and facts that can form dialogue between political elites and people for the better understanding.

The peculiarities of the post-truth interpretation, its key political manifestations and its impact on modern global society have been analyzed. It is asserted about the importance of education in combating the negative effects of post-truth political practice. It is argued that the key mechanism for counteracting the spread of post-truth practices in the information sphere, reducing its destructive impact is the formation of the need of citizens to combat misinformation and strengthen their ability to process, including decode, the information, to separate its useful components from harmful ones. It has been found that researchers of the problems caused by the emergence of the post-truth phenomenon propose to consider them within four approaches, each of which uses different options to analyze the challenges posed by thinking within the paradigm of post-truth. It is about such approaches related to the analysis of ways of knowing: not knowing how to know; fallible ways of knowing; not caring about truth (enough) and disagreeing about how to know. Within each approach, researchers propose: (a) an explanation of how people's ways of knowing can influence trends in the post-truth phenomenon in general, (b) an analysis of how education might aggravate this problem and (c) suggestions on how education can mitigate the problem. It is emphasized that the phenomenon of post-truth arises at the intersection of different contexts, it is, therefore, necessary to look for ways and develop educational guidelines to address social and political issues, and encourage public participation that will provide individuals with political practices that empirically challenge the post-truth thesis. It is determined the necessity for closer cooperation between politicians, social workers, scholars and educators to develop interdisciplinary guidelines that can respond to the challenges of the post-truth era, contribute to the improvement of thinking about the problems that exist in the post-truth world.

The article analyzes the German historical and cultural heritage in the Lviv region as a resource for the development of nostalgic tourism. The main approaches to the understanding of nostalgic tourism are outlined and the essence of this concept is specified. Types of nostalgic tourism are identified. The classification of resources that are used in the organization of nostalgic travel is offered. The geography the German settlements, as well as Austrian and German military burials, are studied. An own method of scoring the tourist attractiveness of the German colonial settlements using nine parameters and their assessment on the territory of the Lviv region has been developed. The largest and most famous burials of German and Austrian military burials of the First and Second World Wars are described. The availability of tourist products on the tourist market of Ukraine using the German historical and cultural heritage is analyzed. ; У статті проаналізовано німецьку історико-культурну спадщину у Львівській області як ресурс для розвитку ностальгійного туризму. Окреслено основні підходи до розуміння ностальгійного туризму та уточнено сутність цього поняття. Виокремлено види ностальгійного туризму. Запропоновано класифікацію ресурсів, які використовуються при організації ностальгійних подорожей. Досліджено географію німецьких колоній, а також австрійських і німецьких військових поховань. Розроблено власну методику бальної оцінки туристичної привабливості німецьких колонійних поселень з використанням дев'ятьох параметрів та здійснено їхню оцінку на території Львівщини. Схарактеризовано найбільші та найвідоміші німецькі й австрійські військові поховання періоду Першої й Другої світових воєн. Проаналізовано наявність на туристичному ринку України туристичних продуктів із використанням німецької історико-культурної спадщини.