Suchergebnisse

One of the types of anomalies in the capital market are calendar anomalies. They are associated with the occurrence of various calendar relationships in the rates of return. The aim of this study is to examine whether calendar effects occur for companies in the food industry and the WIG-food index. More specifically, the article examines the occurrence of such anomalies for 14 companies in the food industry and the WIG-food index. It focuses on the effects of the day of the week, the month of the year and the half of the year. The study covers the period from December 2007 to January 2019, divided into three shorter sub-periods, and uses daily percentage logarithmic return rates. The method applied is a linear regression model, and the data was drawn from the stooq.pl website. The day of the week effect was found for Wawel in the 1st examined sub-period and for Astarta in the 2nd sub-period. The effect of the month of the year was observed for Pamapol and Seko in the 1st sub-period. The effect of the half of the year did not occur for any of the surveyed companies. Particular statistically significant variables indicate the presence of variability over time, both in the case of days of the week and months of the year. What was also observed was diminishing of the above-mentioned effects from period to period.

Energy plays a crucial role in the modern world. The acquisition and consumption of energy is unfortunately associated not only with economic development or the facilitation of everyday life, but also with a negative impact on the environment. To prevent these, measures are being taken which are part of a broad programme referred to as sustainable energy development (SED). A special place among energy consumers is occupied by households, as access to energy is a fundamental factor affecting the quality of life. The aim of this paper is to look at and assess the current situation of the household sector in the EU energy market in the context of SED and to point out similarities and differences between EU countries. The analysis considers factors based on SED indicators: final energy consumption per capita, energy prices offered to households, and the share of renewable energy in household energy consumption. The k-means method was used as a research tool. The results obtained indicate first of all that the EU countries are highly differentiated in terms of the analysed factors. It can be said that these differences result not only from the wealth of a given country, geographical location, or natural possibilities to use renewable energy sources, but mainly from the energy policies implemented in individual countries.

The policy related to the use of renewable sources is a key element of the energy policy executed in the European Union (EU). One of the targets set for 2050 is to increase the share of electricity in energy consumption to 50%, and 80% of electricity is to be generated from low-carbon sources. In recent years, the EU economies have significantly modified their electricity production, which raises the question of the scale of these changes. The aim of the presented analysis is to assess changes in the use of renewable sources for electricity production in the EU countries in 2005–2019. Gini coefficient and k-mean are applied in the analysis. The conducted research shows that EU countries, in line with the energy policy assumptions, have both increased the share of renewable sources in energy production, especially in electricity production, as well as increased the diversity of used renewable sources. The results also indicate a vast diversity in terms of the use of such sources for the production of renewable electricity in the EU. This indicates that the energy transition is being implemented by EU countries with individual country-level approaches. Nonetheless, a variety of the EU's both support and restrictive measures are of considerable importance for the ongoing energy transition.

Purpose – The aim of the paper is the evaluation of the results of Polish socially responsible funds during the pandemic period in comparison to two previous subperiods. Research method – In the research, the nonclassical meters of investment efficiency were used. They were designed for three research subperiods. They provided the basis for creating rankings and for studying the stability of results. The results were compared with the WIG and WIG-ESG index results.Results – The studied socially responsible funds noted lower results in the period directly before the pandemic. In the pandemic period, they, however, noted higher results than the WIG index.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The paper bridges the research gap pertaining to the research on the results of Polish socially responsible funds during the pandemic period. The article, according to the authors' knowledge, is one of the first papers in Poland which studies the results of socially responsible funds during the pandemic period.