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This book demonstrates that the disciplinary boundaries present within international relations approaches to security studies are redundant when examining social media, and inter- and multi-disciplinary analysis is key. A key result of the analysis undertaken is that when examining the social media sphere security scholars need to "expect the unexpected". This is because social media enables users to subvert, contest and create security narratives with symbols and idioms of their choice which can take into account "traditional" security themes, but also unexpected and under explored themes such as narratives from the local context of the users' towns and cities, and the symbolism of football clubs. The book also explores the complex topography of social media when considering constructions of security. The highly dynamic topography of social media is neither elite dominated and hierarchical as the Copenhagen School conceptualises security speak. However, neither is it completely flat and egalitarian as suggested by the vernacular security studies' non-elite approach. Rather, social media's topography is shifting and dynamic, with individuals gaining influence in security debates in unpredictable ways. In examining social media this book engages with the emancipatory burden of critical security studies. This book argues that it remains unfulfilled on social media and rather presents a "thin" notion of discursive emancipation where social media does provide the ability for previously excluded voices to participate in security debates, even if this does not result in their direct emancipation from power hierarchies and structures offline

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to Social Media and Critical Security Studies in the Digital Age -- 1.1 Introducing Social Media and Critical Security in the Digital Age -- 1.2 Challenges and Limits to Investigating Social Media and Security -- 1.3 Take Home Messages -- 1.3.1 The Need to Shatter Disciplinary Boundaries in the Digital Age -- 1.3.2 Empirical Security Paradoxes: Expecting the Unexpected on Social Media -- 1.3.3 The Temperamental Topography of Social Media: The Rise, Rise and Fall of Platforms, Data and Methods -- 1.3.4 The Unrealised Promises of Critical Theory: Social Media and Discursive Emancipation -- 1.4 Charting the Road Ahead: Critical Insights into the Social Media Securityscape -- Bibliography -- 2 Conceptualising Social Media and Critical Security Studies in the Digital Age -- 2.1 Introducing International Relations and Security -- 2.2 Classical Security Studies: Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism -- 2.3 The Critical Security Studies World Tour: Copenhagen, Paris and Wales -- 2.3.1 The Discursive Turn and the Copenhagen School -- 2.3.2 Security and the Prospects of Emancipation: The Welsh School of Security Studies -- 2.3.3 Crossing the Chanel: The Paris School of Security Studies -- 2.4 From the General to the Specific: More Particular Developments in Critical Security Studies -- 2.4.1 Voices from Below: Vernacular Security Studies -- 2.4.2 Making Sense of the Post-9/11 World: Critical Terrorism Studies -- 2.5 Security and Technology: Social Media and CyberSecurity Debates -- 2.6 Conclusions on Critical Security Studies, Technology and Social Media -- Bibliography -- 3 Social Media, Digital Methods and Critical Security Studies -- 3.1 Introducing Digital Methods, Critical Security Studies and Social Media -- 3.2 Conceptualising Social Media, Security and Methods.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Social Media and Critical Security Studies in the Digital Age -- Chapter 2. Conceptualizing Social Media and Critical Security Studies in the Digital Age -- Chapter 3. Social Media, Digital Methods and Critical Security Studies -- Chapter 4. Social Media, Security and Terrorism in the Digital Age -- Chapter 5. Social Media and Vernacular Security in the Digital Age -- Chapter 6. Social Media, Security and Democracy in the Digital Age -- Chapter 7. Social Media, Security and Identity in the Digital Age -- Chapter 8. Conclusions on Social Media and Security in the Digital Age.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1: 'French Muslims' and Banality: Beyond Essentialism, Exceptionalism and Salaciousness -- 1.1 Introducing Banality, Essentialism and French Muslims -- 1.2 How to Investigate French Muslims? The Centrality of the Symbolic and the Discursive in This Book: Methodological Approach and Statement -- 1.3 Who Are They? French Muslims, Names, Numbers and Confusion -- 1.4 The Path from Here: Charting This Journey Through the Social, Political and Cultural Experiences of French Muslims -- Bibliography -- 2: Many Republics, Many Solitudes: Europeanisation, Politics, Islam, Ethnicity and the State in France -- 2.1 Introducing the Many Republics and Their Dealings with Islam -- 2.2 Conceptualising Assimilation, Laïcité, Religion, Ethnicity and the Republic -- 2.3 The Many Central States and Political Solitudes -- 2.4 Local Republics, Vulnerability in Solitude: Exploring the Issues with Forming Local Policy Relationships to French Muslims -- 2.5 Europeanising Solitudes: Transnational Norms and Their Conflict and Complementarity with Many Republics -- 2.6 Conclusions on Many Republics and Many Solitudes -- Bibliography -- 3: Liberating France from Fascism and Upholding Civil Liberties: French Muslims Soldiering and Policing for the Republic -- 3.1 Introducing Muslims and the French Security Services -- 3.2 Liberating France from the Nazis and Upholding the Empire: Conceptualising and Historicising the Muslim Presence in the French Security Services -- 3.3 Paradoxes in Stone and Bronze: War Memorials and Historical Commemoration of Muslims in the French Army -- 3.4 Insights into Contemporary Muslim's Contributions: Conceptualising Victimhood -- 3.5 Insights into Contemporary Muslim Contributions to French Security: Muslim Victimhood in the Army and Police Forces.

AbstractThe Grenfell fire catapulted North Kensington into the spotlight, an area both synonymous with immigration and social policy innovation for over a century. However, it remains under examined how this extraordinary event re‐defined the discursive landscape around British Muslims and how they have been situated in the national landscape. To do this it analyses the twitter activity in the 96 hours after the fire and also the victim profiles published in the Guardian Newspaper. It finds that the narratives that emerge blur British Muslim social boundaries through narratives both around the exceptional and banal narratives which emerged during and after the fire. This constructs British Muslims as both saviours during Grenfell, and also as a super‐diverse population that resists topologizing as pre‐dominantly South Asain. This article also raises broader questions about the not only the role that social media has in the creation of vernacular memory, and also that in this case twitter was importantly not a conduit for the fake news and hate speech created against British Muslims during Grenfell.

This article intervenes in critical terrorism studies and conceptions of vernacular security to argue that social media has become an important arena for everyday constructions of terrorism and (in)security. Rich, multimodal, social media data provide important means to understand digital forms of everyday constructions of (in)security that discuss, subvert, and parody dominant terrorism and security narratives in the wake of the rise of the Islamic State group. Methodologically, this argument is pursued through a thematic analysis of a YouTube video authored by a French Muslim that defies an ISIS threat to his hometown of Marseille and the resulting, multiauthored Twitter response. By tracking this vernacular discussion of (in)security across social media platforms, this article demonstrates that, while some intertextuality exists, the crossing of platforms changes both the form and substance of security discussions. Within this, symbols, features and properties of the local urban environment of Marseille are the dominant symbolic resources that are utilized, reconstructed, and deployed to structure and subvert everyday discussions of (in)security. The dominant theme that crosses both YouTube and Twitter is that users perceive the French security services as impotent, and that resistance to ISIS can paradoxically only come from local vectors of insecurity, crime, and violence linked to the ongoing proliferation of organized crime in Marseille. This demonstrates not only that the ability of political satire to enable the powerless to resist the powerful applies in the context of (in)security but also that it enables the powerless to resist "powerful" coercive nonstate actors.

The scholarship on French rap has thus far paid too little attention to social boundary making. This is important given the long-standing sociological importance of territorial boundaries in creating and reenforcing marginalization, especially for ethnic and racial minorities, in French cities. This article highlights the process of boundary making by presenting an analysis of 364 rap tracks from the 1990s. The results demonstrate stark contrasts: 94 percent of Marseille rappers depict boundaries at the city level, while 68 percent of Paris rappers use districts (arrondissements and suburban départements) as the key signifiers of boundary making. Paris rap follows an established pattern of brightening existing socioeconomic and territorial boundaries through lyrics that focus on alienation and marginalization. Rap from Marseille follows a countervailing logic of blurring socioeconomic and territorial boundaries through lyrics that strive to capture a lived, inclusive multiculturalism in the city.

AbstractThis article intervenes in critical terrorism studies and conceptions of vernacular security to argue that social media has become an important arena for everyday constructions of terrorism and (in)security. Rich, multimodal, social media data provide important means to understand digital forms of everyday constructions of (in)security that discuss, subvert, and parody dominant terrorism and security narratives in the wake of the rise of the Islamic State group. Methodologically, this argument is pursued through a thematic analysis of a YouTube video authored by a French Muslim that defies an ISIS threat to his hometown of Marseille and the resulting, multiauthored Twitter response. By tracking this vernacular discussion of (in)security across social media platforms, this article demonstrates that, while some intertextuality exists, the crossing of platforms changes both the form and substance of security discussions. Within this, symbols, features and properties of the local urban environment of Marseille are the dominant symbolic resources that are utilized, reconstructed, and deployed to structure and subvert everyday discussions of (in)security. The dominant theme that crosses both YouTube and Twitter is that users perceive the French security services as impotent, and that resistance to ISIS can paradoxically only come from local vectors of insecurity, crime, and violence linked to the ongoing proliferation of organized crime in Marseille. This demonstrates not only that the ability of political satire to enable the powerless to resist the powerful applies in the context of (in)security but also that it enables the powerless to resist "powerful" coercive nonstate actors.

AbstractBoth theoretical and empirical accounts of the nation have neglected the city as an arena for the (re)definition of national belonging. This article analyses contemporary France to advance theoretical and empirical insights into this process. Rather than presenting France as characterized by a Republican, assimilationist position, this article argues France is better characterized by competing 'multiple republics' with numerous definitions of nationhood. This article identifies three mechanisms of the multiple Republic. In Marseille, the municipal administration acts to redefine the secular character of the nation by bringing religion directly into local politics. This use of religion to redefine nationhood is also present in Lyon, with the key difference that it occurs in symbiosis with European governance. Finally, the Nanterre suburb of Paris demonstrates that the local state also uses notions of ethnicity to redefine the French nation as compatible with ethnic difference.