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Contract Administration is a fundamental part of the project management process and it pervades the activities of every project. In fact it is the manager's competence as contract administrator that enables us to distinguish between a good manager and bad one. Modern project management is adopting contract management to aid the process of management in an ever increasing measure. Contract Administration is all about making the things visible which is invisible through your art of writing letters to distinguish between success and failure of a project. As a project manager, especially in large engineering projects, there are many legal concerns in contracts, damages and injuries. However different countries and Provinces have different law system so it is hard to integrate the details into the body of knowledge. The contents of the publication also include a series of research supervised by me to ensure the depth of knowledge. I am not a legal practitioner so I cannot deliver professional legal advice. However I got inspired by reading some articles and would like to introduce some basic Concepts and analysis to projects managers regarding to contract and performance. Although the projects reference background is based on the Nepalese Construction Industry, it is beneficial for project manager's worldwide to grasp those concepts, so that project managers can have a rough idea before continuing their own projects. This book deeply covers international practice of contract administration. Readers should not be confused as I have provided primary citations and secondary references' to show the respects to all the previous authors. This will be useful for all engineers, managers, executives, government officials, legislators,teachers and students serving in projects and even in production for overcoming the problems of contract and performance. I have addressed the issues of procurement, contract, performance, variation, Time Extension and price adjustments only keeping the length of the contents in mind the other ...

The bottom-up approach involving decentralization of planning and policy formulation has become popular in developing countries in last two decade. Local Government Agency (LGA) projects are planned and implemented by applying variable degrees of project management processes ranging from formal to informal. The overall objective of the study was to empirically assess Users Committees (UCs) formation and contractual process adopted at Bhaktapur district of Nepal. The primary and secondary data and information were collected through different tools as questionnaire survey, Informal Consultations, Key Informant's Interview, Checklist and field visits. The information collected from the UCs members through the questionnaire and the consultations. The data were also collected from the Engineers, Sub Engineers, Planning officers, Assistant planning officer, Account Officer, Accountant, Store keeper employed in the DDC and District Technical Office Bhaktapur through questionnaire. Five numbers of Informal Consultations were conducted at each sector of the project location involving UCs and beneficiaries. Furthermore, the key Informant's Interview was taken with the Local Development officer and Senior Divisional Engineer. The UCs formation in 80 percent of the construction projects was after the publication of notice by VDC or Municipality for the attendance from among the beneficiaries of the project. UCs in most of the projects of DCC was formed by the general mass meeting of local beneficiaries without political interferences or biases.

After the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic from china in 17th November 2019, whole world is affected and most countries adopted complete lockdown for its prevention. Nepal government also announced complete lockdown from 24th March 2020 up to 14th June 2020 with partial lockdown extending up to 21st July 2020. This study was carried out to explore the effect of lockdown on capital budget expenditure in Gaindakot Municipality, a central municipal of country. Data were collected from Gaidakot Municipality and trends were analyzed to assess the financial expenditure of Budget. Only 42.98 million rupees was expended during lockdown period for the capital works, which is 41.57% less than the expenditure of 73.57 million on previous fiscal year for same period. Out of 3.17 million budget allocated for forest and environment protection, none of the programs were executed and no budget was expended. Similar case was seen for agricultural and animal programs too. Similarly only 50000 was expended in water supply scheme out of 1.74 million budget. River training and irrigation works was carried out expending only 7.33 million out of yearly budget of 34.3 million. The result of study showed that there is great disturbance in development activities due to coronavirus pandemic and expenditure on capitalized budget for different sectors was decreased. We can expect the impact on whole country to be worse looking on scenario of single municipality thus promoting economic activities with adapting control mechanism for corona virus.