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South Africa has a long and well-documented history with regard to the design and implementation of national development and regional policy. With the first official policy initiatives in the 1960s, it was decided by the then National Party that a policy of separate development (apartheid) of ethnic groups had to be implemented in the national space economy. In this sense, there is no doubt about the explicit nature of this policy, as it had very specific spatial objectives and implications from the national level down to neighbourhood level. With the democratisation of the Government in 1994, this negative policy connotation led to the establishment of numerous spatial development policies without any significant 'spatial' application. At the moment, however, numerous national government departments implement spatial investment programmes on a spatially explicit basis, with little coordination between these spheres and sectors of government. Research has shown that, on a global level, national and regional development policy increasingly has to be focused on a selected number of cities with inherent economic agglomeration benefits. This article aims to provide a scientifically based perspective on what the policy approach of the Presidency's envisaged National Spatial Framework (RSA, 2012) should include, i.e., an explicit and spatially selective approach focused on cities with existing agglomeration economies ; Suid-Afrika het 'n lang en goed-gedokumenteerde geskiedenis met betrekking tot die formulering en implementering van nasionale- en streekontwikkelingsbeleid. Die eerste amptelike beleidsinisiatiewe is in die 1960's deur die Nasionale Party daargestel toe 'n beleid van aparte ontwikkeling (apartheid) van die verskillende etniese groepe in die nasionale ruimte geïmplementeer is. Daar is geen twyfel aan die eksplisiete aard van dié beleid nie, aangesien dit spesifieke ruimtelike doelwitte op nasionale tot plaaslike vlak gehad het. Met die verkiesing van 'n demokratiese regering in 1994, het die negatiewe konnotasie wat eksplisiete beleid dra, die gevolg gehad dat menige beleide intussen daargestel is sonder enige noemenswaardige ruimtelike fokus. Tans is daar egter verskeie nasionale regeringsdepartemente wat ruimtelik-eksplisiete programme implementeer, met min koördinasie tussen hierdie verskillende sfere van die regering. Navorsing toon dat, op globale skaal, nasionale en streekbeleid toenemend op 'n beperkte aantal stede met inherente ekonomiese agglomerasievoordele gefokus moet wees. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om 'n wetenskaplik-gefundeerde benadering daar te stel wat in die Presidensie se voorgestelde Nasionale Ruimtelike Raamwerk ingesluit kan word (RSA, 2012). Die raamwerk behoort gebaseer te wees op 'n eksplisiete en ruimtelik-selektiewe benadering, gefokus op stede met bestaande agglomerasievoordele

South Africa has a long and well-documented history with regard to the design and implementation of national development and regional policy. With the first official policy initiatives in the 1960s, it was decided by the then National Party that a policy of separate development (apartheid) of ethnic groups had to be implemented in the national space economy. In this sense, there is no doubt about the explicit nature of this policy, as it had very specific spatial objectives and implications from the national level down to neighbourhood level. With the democratisation of the Government in 1994, this negative policy connotation led to the establishment of numerous spatial development policies without any significant 'spatial' application. At the moment, however, numerous national government departments implement spatial investment programmes on a spatially explicit basis, with little coordination between these spheres and sectors of government. Research has shown that, on a global level, national and regional development policy increasingly has to be focused on a selected number of cities with inherent economic agglomeration benefits. This article aims to provide a scientifically based perspective on what the policy approach of the Presidency's envisaged National Spatial Framework (RSA, 2012) should include, i.e., an explicit and spatially selective approach focused on cities with existing agglomeration economies ; Suid-Afrika het 'n lang en goed-gedokumenteerde geskiedenis met betrekking tot die formulering en implementering van nasionale- en streekontwikkelingsbeleid. Die eerste amptelike beleidsinisiatiewe is in die 1960's deur die Nasionale Party daargestel toe 'n beleid van aparte ontwikkeling (apartheid) van die verskillende etniese groepe in die nasionale ruimte geïmplementeer is. Daar is geen twyfel aan die eksplisiete aard van dié beleid nie, aangesien dit spesifieke ruimtelike doelwitte op nasionale tot plaaslike vlak gehad het. Met die verkiesing van 'n demokratiese regering in 1994, het die negatiewe konnotasie wat eksplisiete beleid dra, die gevolg gehad dat menige beleide intussen daargestel is sonder enige noemenswaardige ruimtelike fokus. Tans is daar egter verskeie nasionale regeringsdepartemente wat ruimtelik-eksplisiete programme implementeer, met min koördinasie tussen hierdie verskillende sfere van die regering. Navorsing toon dat, op globale skaal, nasionale en streekbeleid toenemend op 'n beperkte aantal stede met inherente ekonomiese agglomerasievoordele gefokus moet wees. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om 'n wetenskaplik-gefundeerde benadering daar te stel wat in die Presidensie se voorgestelde Nasionale Ruimtelike Raamwerk ingesluit kan word (RSA, 2012). Die raamwerk behoort gebaseer te wees op 'n eksplisiete en ruimtelik-selektiewe benadering, gefokus op stede met bestaande agglomerasievoordele

South Africa has a long and well-documented history with regard to the design andimplementation of national development and regional policy. With the first officialpolicy initiatives in the 1960s, it was decided by the then National Party that a policyof separate development (apartheid) of ethnic groups had to be implemented in thenational space economy. In this sense, there is no doubt about the explicit nature ofthis policy, as it had very specific spatial objectives and implications from the nationallevel down to neighbourhood level. With the democratisation of the Governmentin 1994, this negative policy connotation led to the establishment of numerousspatial development policies without any significant 'spatial' application. At themoment, however, numerous national government departments implement spatialinvestment programmes on a spatially explicit basis, with little coordination betweenthese spheres and sectors of government. Research has shown that, on a globallevel, national and regional development policy increasingly has to be focused on aselected number of cities with inherent economic agglomeration benefits. This articleaims to provide a scientifically based perspective on what the policy approach of thePresidency's envisaged National Spatial Framework (RSA, 2012) should include,i.e., an explicit and spatially selective approach focused on cities with existingagglomeration economies.

South Africa adopted a National Development Plan (NDP) (2013), referred to in the National Spatial Development Framework (NSDF) (2019) as a 'super plan', to transform national space economy and in the process disrupt the apartheid spatial logic. The South African National government adopted a series of acts and policies; sector plans and programmes, as well as strategic infrastructure investment programmes to eliminate the triple challenges of inequality, unemployment and poverty. This requires a strategic response, including a reorientation of selecting specific cities or regions as preferred locations to create development opportunities. Such a strategic response would require justifiable spatial solutions that can promote economic development. The article focuses on development corridors as a potential solution, elevating the importance of regional attractiveness as essential for economic growth. It is anticipated that the evolution of development corridors will result in the strengthening of cities and regional centres linked to the benefits exerted by corridors, on the one hand, and strong intra-national and interregional economic integration, on the other. The article concludes that development corridors are created to seek development opportunities, thereby increasing the spatial attractiveness of regions and cities that may provide for better economic spaces in South Africa.

The Platinum Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) in the North West Province was initiated 10 years ago to address the spatial economic development challenges of the region. This revised commentary aims to re-evaluate development, and intends to provide an objective overview of the successes and failures of the Platinum SDI. The aim is to provoke a debate on the matter in order to assess whether or not the Platinum SDI is to the advantage of the economic development of the country and its people, and especially the poor. This paper considers the historical context and evaluates a number of arguments, either in support of or questioning the viability of the Platinum SDI. The paper concludes that after more than a decade there is still little evidence that the Platinum SDI will in the near future be efficient. At present, the Platinum SDI has very little to offer. To succeed will require more effort by all concerned, and especially much more commitment from the relevant governmental structures.

In recent years, issues related to the state of the natural environment have begun to play an increasingly more important role in the global arena of politics and civil society. It is crucial that these issues be integrated into planning processes and development frameworks in such a way that the protection of the natural environment and the promotion of sustainable development goals can be achieved. This article explores the use of a GIS-based spatial modelling method in achieving the above. The success of such an approach could ensure the effective incorporation of environmental data into spatial planning, and more specifically Spatial Development Frameworks (SDFs), which is not always the case in South Africa. The study found that such an approach could be used with great success and could assist planners and policymakers in the challenge of steering land-use management in a sustainable manner. The study showed that a pro-active, interdisciplinary approach to land-use management is possible on a strategic level in South African municipalities.

This article investigates the influence of location on the efficiency of manufacturers in SouthAfrica. Locational decisions are important when entrepreneurs decide on the location ofa new plant, as well as for the design of industrial development policies by governmentand industry. This article considers both the traditional factors that influence location andthe modern factors, especially those emphasised by the 'New Economic Geography'.This is followed by an account of empirical findings of a survey conducted among SouthAfrican manufacturers regarding the location of their premises and its influence on theircompetitiveness and industrial efficiency.

The South African Government has made significant efforts towards integrating the concepts of environmental sustainability with spatial planning. This article focuses on the integration of spatial planning at municipal level with the zoning of land in terms of ecological aspects, including biodiversity. Currently, Spatial Development Frameworks are being compiled at local and district municipal levels as a legal instrument to guide future spatial development. Although it forms part of an integrated approach, i.e. most relevant sectors made a contribution in this regard (through the Integrated Development Planning process), it has shortcomings specifically with regard to environmental matters. Greenfield developments are subjected to Environmental Impact Assessments in most cases where agricultural land is redeveloped. In brownfield developments, however, the land only needs to be rezoned properly - in most cases without an Environmental Impact Assessment. The Impact Assessment is, therefore, a reactive instrument to protect the environment. Strategic Environmental Assessment guidelines, i.e. a pro-active instrument, are quite complex and expensive processes; with little legal backing and support at the moment. On the other hand, biotope mapping is used in numerous countries in Europe as an effective instrument to guide spatial planning and land use management at municipal level. A biotope is an ecological concept and denotes an area that is characterised by specific biota, certain environmental conditions and clearly linked to past and present land-uses. The first phase of integration of these instruments, i.e. biotope mapping and spatial planning, has been implemented in the Potchefstroom Local Municipality as part of the formulation and instruments as part of the Spatial Development Framework. This article shows the process and results of the integration process.

This article aims to provide a temporal and critical perspective on national spatialplanning since the 1970s until the most recent directive in 2012. From the first spatialpolicy initiative, the National Physical Development Plan (1975), radical changes haveoccurred in the various approaches to national planning. The most recent spatialplanning directive in South Africa is the National Development Plan (2012), whichhas a diversified approach with political, social and economic goals. In the past fourdecades, national planning policy and directives have moved through balanced andunbalanced regional growth approaches. The top-down approach of the 1970s withrigid area-specific directives transformed into a bottom-up more adaptable, sociallyoriented and interpretation-based approach in recent years. In the process, SouthAfrica's spatial policy has evolved from a policy dominated by political objectives in the1960s to a multi-sectoral policy which purports to be based only on economic principlesof a multi-sectoral free-market system; from one of strong government intervention toone of minor intervention. The general perception of this article is that only some of thesepolicies are substantially attributed to effective socio-economic development due tothe lack of spatially focused initiatives.

AbstractResilience in regional economic growth in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) can potentially be increased through the implementation of a regional policy which emphasizes regional integration. This will include the removal of tariff and non‐tariff based barriers to trade through trade liberalization and designing more efficient spatial linkages that facilitate increased intra‐regional trade. However, resilience in the region's economic growth is hindered by sluggish implementation of regional trade liberalization and spatial integration policies, as tariff and non‐tariff barriers to trade remain. The aim of the paper is to evaluate regional integration in fostering resilience in economic growth through its enhancement of economic interaction between member states, as well as facilitating increased spatial connectivity and the efficient movement of intra‐regional trade. In this paper, case studies of regional integration models as applied in eight developing country regional trading blocs, including the SADC, are used to determine the effect of intra‐regional trade on the resilience of economic growth in the face of an external economic crisis, namely the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and subsequent recession. Results of the above analysis indicate that intra‐regional trade through regional integration accelerates a region's recovery of its pre‐shock growth path. Despite considerable intra‐regional trade, the recovery of the SADC is hindered by the sluggish post‐shock growth of South Africa, its dominant economy. Based on the findings, it is recommended that intra‐regional trade be strengthened between SADC member states through increased economic integration, trade facilitation through development corridors, and capacitating dynamic regional institutions to oversee economic resilience strategies based on adjustment and adaptation.

Resilience in regional economic growth in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) can potentially be increased through the implementation of a regional policy which emphasizes regional integration. This will include the removal of tariff and non-tariff based barriers to trade through trade liberalization and designing more efficient spatial linkages that facilitate increased intra-regional trade. However, resilience in the region's economic growth is hindered by sluggish implementation of regional trade liberalization and spatial integration policies, as tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade remain. The aim of the paper is to evaluate regional integration in fostering resilience in economic growth through its enhancement of economic interaction between member states, as well as facilitating increased spatial connectivity and the efficient movement of intra-regional trade. In this paper, case studies of regional integration models as applied in eight developing country regional trading blocs, including the SADC, are used to determine the effect of intra-regional trade on the resilience of economic growth in the face of an external economic crisis, namely the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and subsequent recession. Results of the above analysis indicate that intra-regional trade through regional integration accelerates a region's recovery of its pre-shock growth path. Despite considerable intra-regional trade, the recovery of the SADC is hindered by the sluggish post-shock growth of South Africa, its dominant economy. Based on the findings, it is recommended that intra-regional trade be strengthened between SADC member states through increased economic integration, trade facilitation through development corridors, and capacitating dynamic regional institutions to oversee economic resilience strategies based on adjustment and adaptation

The role of regional policy mechanisms towards increased regional resilience is widely recognised, but limited consideration is given to the impact of these mechanisms in, specifically, the peripheral region. In reaction hereto, this article explores the role of three key mechanisms, i.e. economic sectoral composition, innovation and knowledge networks, as well as government institutions as policy tools towards increased regional resilience in a peripheral region in South Africa. The role of each of these mechanisms is quantified and measured by specified indices such as the GVA, the Tress Index and the ICT Access Index, and government indicators such as audit outcomes and service delivery data in five planning regions of the Northern Cape province. This article highlights that a state of dynamic stability and resilience is more feasible through policy intervention focused on these three mechanisms, coupled with detailed regional socio-economic analysis. It also emphasises that a knowledge-rich region will be less dependent on single sector development, pushing itself into a new development stage of secondary and tertiary sector focus through economic diversification, lessening its vulnerability to external shocks and disturbances, and impeding regional lock-in. In support hereto, collective institutional action by a responsive and accountable local and regional government, operating beyond their functional limits, will reinforce and amplify development in the peripheral region.

The development of sustainable urban landscapes challenges all stakeholders, including local governments as the major custodians thereof. The majority of urban ecological research done describes European and North American cities. South Africa's position in the global South underlines the potential that local research has in contributing to global knowledge. South African urban landscapes are rich in biodiversity and characterized by cultural diversity and steep socio-economic gradients. Spatial inequality, specifically access to resources and green areas, greatly influences the perceived importance and need of urban green space to citizens and policy makers. This legacy is a major challenge to the implementation of sustainability oriented contemporary urban planning and environmental management practices in South Africa. Sustainable solutions call for transdisciplinary approaches, in which the contributions of both non-academic and academic role players are integrated. Therefore, we investigated the possible interface between urban ecology, urban planning, and environmental management, within current policy and legislation frameworks and within practice in South Africa. We highlight certain aspects of the three disciplines that could contribute to transdisciplinary planning approaches, such as mapping and valuation of ecosystem services, strategic and integrated thinking, prediction and scenario building, governance, and decision-making and participatory planning. We believe that awareness of the major contributions of each discipline would refine the linkages between social and ecological issues proposed by several existing conceptual frameworks, leading to a transdisciplinary approach to plan for sustainable urban landscapes. The South African perspective presented in this paper could guide other (similar) global scenarios with regard to transdisciplinary planning approaches that could enhance the development of sustainable urban landscapes.

The development of sustainable urban landscapes challenges all stakeholders, including local governments as the major custodians thereof. The majority of urban ecological research done describes European and North American cities. South Africa's position in the global South underlines the potential that local research has in contributing to global knowledge. South African urban landscapes are rich in biodiversity and characterized by cultural diversity and steep socio-economic gradients. Spatial inequality, specifically access to resources and green areas, greatly influences the perceived importance and need of urban green space to citizens and policy makers. This legacy is a major challenge to the implementation of sustainability oriented contemporary urban planning and environmental management practices in South Africa. Sustainable solutions call for transdisciplinary approaches, in which the contributions of both non-academic and academic role players are integrated. Therefore, we investigated the possible interface between urban ecology, urban planning, and environmental management, within current policy and legislation frameworks and within practice in South Africa. We highlight certain aspects of the three disciplines that could contribute to transdisciplinary planning approaches, such as mapping and valuation of ecosystem services, strategic and integrated thinking, prediction and scenario building, governance, and decision-making and participatory planning. We believe that awareness of the major contributions of each discipline would refine the linkages between social and ecological issues proposed by several existing conceptual frameworks, leading to a transdisciplinary approach to plan for sustainable urban landscapes. The South African perspective presented in this paper could guide other (similar) global scenarios with regard to transdisciplinary planning approaches that could enhance the development of sustainable urban landscapes.

1. Einleitung -- 2. Aufbau einer Beugungsanlage -- 3. Beugung an zweidimensionalen Modellobjekten -- 3.1. Allgemeine Theorie der Fouriertransformation an zweidimensionalen periodischen Objekten -- 3.2. Diskussion von Beispielen -- 4. Quantitative Auswertung der Intensität in Beugungsdiagrammen -- 4.1. Einfluß der Phasenschiebung der Photoplatte -- 4.2. Vergleich mit Modellobjekten -- 5. Anwendungsbeispiele -- 5.1. Bestimmung der Defokussierung und des Astigmatismus -- 5.2. Ortsfrequenzspektrum von Trägerfolien -- 5.3. Vermessung des Magnetisierungsripple in ferromagnetischen Schichten -- 5.4. Beugung an Aufnahmen biologischer Dünnschnitte -- Literatur -- Abbildungen.