In this paper we present a Social accounting matrix and a computable general equilibrium model of the Algerian economy for 2009. The model is then use to perform scenarios simulation of reduction and removal of consumption subsidies on the wheat sector in Algeria.
International audience ; This article explores the effect of European Union (EU)'s food safety regulations on the trade of baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as they start eating solid foods, they eat a limited number of food items most of which are fruits and vegetables. In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the EU's regulations establish that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. In this respect, the EU differs from most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the consumer population age. The purposes of this paper is to compare the EU regulations on Maximum Residual Level of pesticides to those of its major trading partners through a severity index and quantify the impact of the specific European regulations on the trade of baby food products. Results show that the specific EU regulations may be considered as a tool protecting vulnerable population. ; Cet article explore l'effet des réglementations de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la sécurité des aliments sur le commerce d'aliments pour bébé. Un grand nombre d'études médicales ont montré que les pesticides et les contaminants contribuent à divers problèmes de santé comme cancers, maladies pulmonaires ou des désordres du système immunitaire, endocrine ou reproducteur. Ces études s'accordent aussi sur le fait que les enfants sont plus vulnérables aux dangers des pesticides et contaminants car dès qu'ils commencent à manger des aliments solides, ils mangent un nombre limité de produits dont la plupart sont des fruits et légumes. Pour protéger la santé de la partie la plus vulnérable de sa population, l'UE a mis en place une réglementation qui établit que la limite maximale de résidus (LMR) pour n'importe quel pesticide ne doit pas excéder 0.01 mg/kg dans les aliments pour bébé. A ce niveau, la réglementation européenne est très différente de celle de la plupart de ses partenaires commerciaux qui ne différencient pas les réglementations en fonction de l'âge. L'objectif de cet article est de comparer la réglementation de l'UE sur les LMR de pesticides par rapport à celle de ses partenaires commerciaux grâce à un indicateur de sévérité et de quantifier l'impact de de cette réglementation européenne spécifique sur le commerce des produits pour bébé. Les résultats montrent que la réglementation de l'UE représente une barrière à l'entrée sur ses marchés, mais qu'elle a aussi un effet positif sur le volume du commerce.
International audience ; This article explores the effect of European Union (EU)'s food safety regulations on the trade of baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as they start eating solid foods, they eat a limited number of food items most of which are fruits and vegetables. In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the EU's regulations establish that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. In this respect, the EU differs from most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the consumer population age. The purposes of this paper is to compare the EU regulations on Maximum Residual Level of pesticides to those of its major trading partners through a severity index and quantify the impact of the specific European regulations on the trade of baby food products. Results show that the specific EU regulations may be considered as a tool protecting vulnerable population. ; Cet article explore l'effet des réglementations de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la sécurité des aliments sur le commerce d'aliments pour bébé. Un grand nombre d'études médicales ont montré que les pesticides et les contaminants contribuent à divers problèmes de santé comme cancers, maladies pulmonaires ou des désordres du système immunitaire, endocrine ou reproducteur. Ces études s'accordent aussi sur le fait que les enfants sont plus vulnérables aux dangers des pesticides et contaminants car dès qu'ils commencent à manger des aliments solides, ils mangent un nombre limité de produits dont la plupart sont des fruits et légumes. Pour protéger la santé de la partie la plus vulnérable de sa population, l'UE a mis ...
This article explores the effect of European Union (EU)'s food safety regulations on the trade of baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as they start eating solid foods, they eat a limited number of food items most of which are fruits and vegetables. In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the EU's regulations establish that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. In this respect, the EU differs from most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the consumer population age. The purposes of this paper is to compare the EU regulations on Maximum Residual Level of pesticides to those of its major trading partners through a severity index and quantify the impact of the specific European regulations on the trade of baby food products. Results show that the specific EU regulations may be considered as a tool protecting vulnerable population. ; Cet article explore l'effet des réglementations de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la sécurité des aliments sur le commerce d'aliments pour bébé. Un grand nombre d'études médicales ont montré que les pesticides et les contaminants contribuent à divers problèmes de santé comme cancers, maladies pulmonaires ou des désordres du système immunitaire, endocrine ou reproducteur. Ces études s'accordent aussi sur le fait que les enfants sont plus vulnérables aux dangers des pesticides et contaminants car dès qu'ils commencent à manger des aliments solides, ils mangent un nombre limité de produits dont la plupart sont des fruits et légumes. Pour protéger la santé de la partie la plus vulnérable de sa population, l'UE a mis en place une réglementation qui établit que la limite maximale de résidus (LMR) pour n'importe quel pesticide ne doit pas excéder 0.01 mg/kg dans les aliments pour bébé. A ce niveau, la réglementation européenne est très différente de celle de la plupart de ses partenaires commerciaux qui ne différencient pas les réglementations en fonction de l'âge. L'objectif de cet article est de comparer la réglementation de l'UE sur les LMR de pesticides par rapport à celle de ses partenaires commerciaux grâce à un indicateur de sévérité et de quantifier l'impact de de cette réglementation européenne spécifique sur le commerce des produits pour bébé. Les résultats montrent que la réglementation de l'UE représente une barrière à l'entrée sur ses marchés, mais qu'elle a aussi un effet positif sur le volume du commerce.
International audience ; This article explores the effect of EU regulation on baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as start eating solid, they eat a limited number of food items among which fruits and vegetables hold an important position. This increased children's exposure to substances which they are less capable of metabolizing than adults (Muhlendahl et al. 1996; Koletzko et al. 1999). In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the European Union (EU)'s regulation establishes that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. It creates a difference in regulations between the EU and most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the population age. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of the specific European regulation on MRL of pesticides on trade of baby food products and compare the EU regulation to the regulations of its major trading partners through a severity index. We introduce this index in an econometric model to assess the trade implications of the standard levels in this emerging sector. The results show that the EU regulation may constrain trade.
International audience ; This article explores the effect of EU regulation on baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as start eating solid, they eat a limited number of food items among which fruits and vegetables hold an important position. This increased children's exposure to substances which they are less capable of metabolizing than adults (Muhlendahl et al. 1996; Koletzko et al. 1999). In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the European Union (EU)'s regulation establishes that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. It creates a difference in regulations between the EU and most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the population age. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of the specific European regulation on MRL of pesticides on trade of baby food products and compare the EU regulation to the regulations of its major trading partners through a severity index. We introduce this index in an econometric model to assess the trade implications of the standard levels in this emerging sector. The results show that the EU regulation may constrain trade.
This article explores the effect of EU regulation on baby food products. A large number of medical studies have shown that pesticides and contaminants contribute to various health problems including cancer, lung disease or reproductive, endocrinal and immune system disorders. They also agree that children are more vulnerable to the dangers of pesticides and contaminants because as soon as start eating solid, they eat a limited number of food items among which fruits and vegetables hold an important position. This increased children's exposure to substances which they are less capable of metabolizing than adults (Muhlendahl et al. 1996; Koletzko et al. 1999). In order to protect the health of the most vulnerable part of the population, the European Union (EU)'s regulation establishes that no more than 0.01 mg/kg of any single pesticide residue is permitted in baby food products. It creates a difference in regulations between the EU and most of its trading partners, the majority of which do not differentiate food safety regulations according to the population age. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of the specific European regulation on MRL of pesticides on trade of baby food products and compare the EU regulation to the regulations of its major trading partners through a severity index. We introduce this index in an econometric model to assess the trade implications of the standard levels in this emerging sector. The results show that the EU regulation may constrain trade.
Working Paper 11/18 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets. The objectives of the case-studies were to : (i) Analyze barriers on imports from the EU compared to other countries' exports of similar products. (ii) Explicitly address the relative competitiveness (or lack thereof) of the EU compared to other exporting countries.
Working Paper 11/18 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets. The objectives of the case-studies were to : (i) Analyze barriers on imports from the EU compared to other countries' exports of similar products. (ii) Explicitly address the relative competitiveness (or lack thereof) of the EU compared to other exporting countries.
The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets. The objectives of the case-studies were to : (i) Analyze barriers on imports from the EU compared to other countries' exports of similar products. (ii) Explicitly address the relative competitiveness (or lack thereof) of the EU compared to other exporting countries.
WP6 D6.1 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets.
WP6 D6.2 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets.
WP6 D6.2 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets.
WP6 D6.1 ; The project "Assessment of the impacts of Non-Tariff Measures - NTM on the competitiveness of the EU and selected trade partners - NTM-IMPACT" is co-funded by the European Commission. This policy research project's overall objective is to collect and analyze new data on non-tariff measures (NTMs), particularly on governmental standards and regulations that prescribe the conditions for exporting agri-food products to foreign markets.
International audience ; Nowadays, complying with technical, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations and standards is becoming more and more demanding due to their proliferation and increasing complexity. Consequently, increasing requirements in plant health protection and food safety can lead to a loss of competitiveness in countries that are major exporters of fresh products, causing a redistribution of the market shares in certain sectors. Exporters complying with regulatory standards benefit from better market access and avoid boarder rejection or product downgrading but incur additional costs due to additional procedures and paperwork. This is the case for French apples producers which are losing competitiveness compared to the Chilean ones on foreign markets. This situation can be partially explained by the difficulties of French exporters to comply with international SPS requirements. The aim of this article is first to make a compilation of phytosanitary requirements facing French and Chilean exporters of fresh apples, then to propose a score (hereafter phytosanitary score) which allows to assess the degree of complexity of these SPS requirements. This score is interesting as it synthesizes qualitative information in a metric which can be easily used in quantitative analysis. The results show that even if France and Chile are rather close in terms of SPS requirements, Chilean apples exporters are more capable to comply with foreign SPS requisites than the French ones.
